Is space-time dilation conceptually equivalent to space-time expansion?

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Relativistic space-time is described as a four-dimensional continuum comprising three dimensions of space and one dimension of time. In this framework, space and time are interwoven, forming an integrated space-time fabric. As time dilates due to relativistic effects, does this interconnected nature imply a dilation of space-time as a whole?

For context:

Cosmic Expansion: Describes how the distance between cosmic objects increases over time, which can be represented as:

t₀ < (t₀+Δt) = t₁ → (x₀,y₀,z₀,t₀) < (x₁,y₁,z₁,t₁)

Where (t₁ - t₀) = elapsed time.

Space-Time Dilation: Reflects how time dilation in relativistic contexts affects space-time coordinates:

t < t′ → (x,y,z,t) < (x′,y′,z′,t′)

Where t′ is dilated time

Given these representations, can the concept of space-time dilation be viewed as a form of space-time expansion in terms of their consequences?

Cosmic expansion is not relativistic distortion in space-time but rather a distinct large-scale cosmological phenomenon:

Cosmic expansion is not a relativistic effect nor is it a subject of relativity in the same sense as relativistic space-time dilation. Cosmic expansion refers to the large-scale increase in distances between cosmic objects, driven by phenomena such as dark energy or anti-gravitational fields. In this view, the increase in distances between cosmic objects describes the expansion of space over time.

This is distinct from the dilation of relativistic space-time, which concerns local variations in space and time due to relative motion or gravitational fields.

Thus, the recession of galaxies due to dark energy or anti-gravitational effects is not an expansion of relativistic space-time but rather a large-scale cosmological phenomenon.

#CosmicExpansion #SpaceTimeDilation

Comparative Analysis of Potential Energy in Macro-Gravitational and Micro-Gravitational Contexts:

Soumendra Nath Thakur

29-07-2024

Abstract

This study examines the behaviour of potential energy across macro-gravitational and micro-gravitational (electromagnetic) systems. It highlights how gravitationally bound objects and electrons in atomic structures exhibit negative potential energy and explores how this energy varies as these entities move away from their respective attractive centres. The analysis includes the transition into an antigravitational state influenced by dark energy at the macro scale and draws parallels with the potential energy of electrons in electromagnetic systems. The study identifies key similarities and distinctions between these scales.

Keywords: potential energy, gravitational systems, dark energy, electromagnetic systems, antigravitational state

Description

In a macro-gravitational context, when a gravitationally bound object or quantum of energy moves away from a larger gravitationally bound system, its gravitational potential energy becomes negative. As it exits the zero-gravity sphere induced by dark energy around the system, it transitions into an antigravitational state.

Similarly, in a micro-gravitational context, the potential energy of an electron is defined as zero at an infinite distance from the atomic nucleus or molecule, resulting in negative potential energy for the electromagnetically bound electron.

In quantum mechanics, if an atom, ion, or molecule is at its lowest possible energy level, it is said to be in the ground state. If it is at a higher energy level, it is in an excited state. Electrons in this state have absorbed energy and moved to higher energy levels compared to the ground state. An energy level is termed degenerate if multiple measurable quantum mechanical states correspond to the same energy level.

Explanation

Macro-Gravitational Scale

1. Gravitational Potential Energy:

• In a gravitationally bound system, the potential energy of an object (or quantum of energy) is typically negative because work is required to move it to an infinite distance where the potential energy is zero.

• As the object moves away from the larger gravitationally bound system, it climbs the gravitational potential well, increasing its potential energy but remaining negative until reaching a sufficiently large distance where the potential energy can be considered zero.

2. Zero-Gravity Sphere and Dark Energy:

• The zero-gravity sphere, defined in the context of dark energy, is the radius where the gravitational attraction of the bound system is balanced by the repulsive force of dark energy.

• Beyond this sphere, the repulsive force of dark energy dominates, pushing the object into an "antigravitational state," where it experiences a net repulsive force and an increase in potential energy.

Micro-Gravitational Scale (Electromagnetic)

1. Electromagnetic Potential Energy:

• For an electron bound to an atomic nucleus or molecule, the potential energy is zero at an infinite distance from the nucleus.

• Within the atom or molecule, the electron's potential energy is negative due to the electromagnetic force.

• If an atom, ion, or molecule is at the lowest possible energy level, it and its electrons are said to be in the ground state. If it is at a higher energy level, it is considered excited, with electrons at these higher energy levels being termed excited. An energy level is considered degenerate if multiple measurable quantum states correspond to the same energy value.

Consistency and Analogies

1. Negative Potential Energy:

• Both gravitational and electromagnetic systems follow a convention where the potential energy is zero at infinite distance. In both systems, bound objects (whether massive or electrons) have negative potential energy due to being within the attractive potential well of the binding force.

2. Transition to Different States:

• In the macro-gravitational scenario, as objects move beyond the zero-gravity sphere influenced by dark energy, they transition into a state dominated by repulsive forces (antigravitational state). This is conceptually similar to an electron’s potential energy becoming less negative as it moves away from the nucleus, though dark energy does not have a direct analogue in electromagnetic contexts.

3. Force Balance and Potential Energy:

• The balance of forces (gravitational vs. dark energy and electromagnetic attraction vs. kinetic energy) determines the potential energy state. Both systems see an increase in potential energy as they move away from the attractive centre, becoming less negative or approaching zero.

Conclusion

This study consistently explains how potential energy behaves in both macro-gravitational and micro-gravitational (electromagnetic) scales. Key points include:

• In gravitational systems, potential energy is negative for bound objects and increases as they move away from the centre of attraction, potentially entering an antigravitational state due to dark energy.

• In electromagnetic systems, electrons bound to nuclei have negative potential energy that becomes less negative as they move away.

By comparing these systems, this study effectively illustrates the similarities in potential energy concepts across different scales while acknowledging the unique influence of dark energy in the macro-gravitational context.

The Essence of Classical Newtonian Mechanics:

Classical Newtonian mechanics is versatile and can describe systems under both gravitational and antigravitational conditions. Despite the existence of relativistic mechanics, Newtonian mechanics remains a robust framework due to its ability to handle a broad range of scenarios effectively. Its applicability in various contexts, including those with significant antigravitational effects, highlights its enduring relevance and completeness in many physical situations.

The Essence of Classical Newtonian Mechanics:

Classical Newtonian mechanics is versatile and can describe systems under both gravitational and antigravitational conditions. Despite the existence of relativistic mechanics, Newtonian mechanics remains a robust framework due to its ability to handle a broad range of scenarios effectively. Its applicability in various contexts, including those with significant antigravitational effects, highlights its enduring relevance and completeness in many physical situations.

#ClassicalMechanics

Understanding the Expansion of the Universe:

Soumendra Nath Thakur

28-07-2024

Abstract

The expansion of the universe is commonly interpreted within the framework of general relativity as the stretching of the fabric of space-time. However, this interpretation is not empirically valid. Observable cosmic expansion is better understood as an increase in the distances between galaxies, driven by the repulsive effects of dark energy, which contrasts with the gravitational effects that typically pull objects together in classical mechanics. This perspective emphasizes changes in the positions and distances of matter rather than alterations in the structure of space-time itself.

Keywords: Galactic recession, Increased galactic distance, Dark energy, Cosmological expansion, Observable Universe, Classical Mechanics,

The expansion of the universe refers to the observation that galaxies are moving away from each other, which implies that the distances between them are increasing over time. This concept is often visualized as the stretching of the fabric of space itself, particularly within the framework of general relativity. However, this interpretation of space-time fabric expanding is not empirically valid for two main reasons:

1. Observable Cosmic Expansion: The measurable expansion of the universe is observed as an increase in the distance between galaxies. This phenomenon can be attributed to the effects of dark energy, which exerts a repulsive force (anti-gravitational effect) causing galaxies to move apart. This is different from gravitational effects that draw objects together, as understood in classical mechanics.

2. Nature of Expansion: The concept of an expanding fabric of space-time suggests a dynamic change in the underlying structure of space and time, which is a theoretical construct in the relativistic framework. However, the observable evidence points to the increasing distances between objects (such as galaxies) rather than an expansion of space-time itself. This distinction emphasizes that the empirical observations are more aligned with changes in positions and distances of matter rather than alterations in the space-time continuum.

Thus, the cosmological expansion is better understood as the increasing separation of galaxies driven by dark energy rather than an expansion in the fabric of space-time.

#GalacticRecession #IncreasedGalacticDistance #DarkEnergy #CosmologicalExpansion #ObservableUniverse #ClassicalMechanics

Measuring Distances of Celestial Bodies Using Infrared Signals

In smaller scales, parallax is used directly to find the distance of celestial bodies (stars) from Earth (geocentric parallax) and from the Sun (heliocentric parallax). Visible light is used in parallax measurements. Parallax is effective over relatively small scales.

However, observing galaxies as old as the universe involves much larger scales, and visible light cannot reach us beyond a certain distance. This is because the shorter wavelengths of visible light are scattered by dust, vapor, and gases. Therefore, infrared signals with longer wavelengths are used to observe distant objects such as ancient galaxies. The longer wavelengths of infrared signals can penetrate dusty or gaseous environments.

The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) uses near-infrared and mid-infrared cameras to observe very distant galaxies.

The above image shows the respective distances corresponding to the increased wavelengths of infrared signals, helping to determine the distances of galaxies based on the wavelengths of the signals received. Additionally, the expansion of space increases these wavelengths further, in addition to the normal increment with light-travelled distance.

Furthermore, by analysing these signals using a spectrograph—an instrument that disperses electromagnetic radiation into a spectrum and photographs or maps it—we can understand the composition of the observed object. The spectrograph converts signals according to their frequencies and corresponding wavelengths.

Therefore, by measuring the wavelengths of these signals, the distance to the object can be determined, not by using the parallax of visible light but by using infrared.

#InfraredSignals #JWST #JamesWebbSpaceTelescope #Spectrograph #GalacticDistances

Dr Louis Essen Rejects Einstein’s Relativity Theory:

These points encapsulate Essen’s main criticisms and provide insight into why he rejected Einstein’s theory of relativity.

1. Relativity as Not a Scientific Theory:

• Contradictory Assumptions: Essen argues that relativity is not a coherent scientific theory but a collection of contradictory assumptions and mistakes.

• Clock Paradox: Essen criticizes the thought experiment leading to the clock paradox, claiming it results from a fundamental mistake.

2. Measurement Units and Disciplines:

• Units of Measurement: According to Essen, Einstein lacked understanding of the units and disciplines of measurement, leading to an inconsistent theory of measurement.

• Absolute Standards: A valid theory of measurement requires absolute standards, which relativity theory denies, making it inherently contradictory.

3. Thought Experiment Mistakes:

• Equator vs. Poles Clock: Essen points out an error in Einstein’s 1905 paper where a clock at the equator is said to run slow compared to one at the poles, which is a misinterpretation validated by incorrect experimental models like Hafele-Keating.

4. Experimental Evidence:

• Marginal Effects: Essen criticizes the reliability of experiments supporting relativity, such as Eddington’s 1919 eclipse experiment and the 1972 Hafele-Keating atomic clock experiment, stating that the observed effects are marginal and not definitive evidence.

5. Sociological Issues in Science:

• Harm to Reputation: Essen admits that criticizing relativity could harm one’s professional career due to peer pressure within the scientific community.

• Manipulation of Results: Essen suggests that scientists might manipulate results to confirm accepted theories rather than disprove them.

6. Logical Consistency:

• Internal Consistency: A valid scientific theory must be internally consistent and logically sound, which Essen believes relativity is not.

• Empirical Verification: Essen argues that relativity fails to incorporate a consistent theory of measurement and cannot be empirically verified, making it pseudo-scientific rather than a true physical science.

7. Conclusion:

• Pseudo-Science: Relativity is labelled as pseudo-science by Essen due to its lack of empirical verifiability and logical consistency in measurement theory.

Reference: Dr Louis Essen Inventor Of Atomic Clock Rejects Einstein’s Relativity Theory by Harry Ricker, August 28, 2019

#ContradictoryAssumptions #ClockParadox #MeasurementUnits #ExperimentalEvidence #PseudoScience

Re-evaluating the Interpretation of Atomic Clock Experiments and Time Dilation

Dear Mr. Peter Jackson, 

I appreciate your engagement and your efforts to test and verify the findings of Hafele and Keating. However, I have reasons to accept that there is a fundamental misunderstanding in the interpretation of the results and the nature of time dilation.

Your statement, "Atomic oscillation speed changes under acceleration," is indeed an important observation. However, this change in oscillation speed is due to physical factors affecting the oscillator, not an inherent dilation of time itself. My previous response detailed how experiments with piezoelectric crystal oscillators demonstrate that changes in wavelength correspond to changes in time intervals, leading to time distortions. This suggests that what is often interpreted as time dilation is actually a result of physical deformations and wavelength shifts.

Consider the following points:

1. Piezoelectric Crystal Oscillators: As mentioned, experiments show that a 1° phase shift on a 5 MHz wave corresponds to a time shift of 555 picoseconds. This illustrates how physical changes in the oscillator can affect time measurements, leading to distortions that are misinterpreted as time dilation.

2. GPS Time Delay: The caesium-133 atomic clock in GPS satellites experiences a time delay of about 38 microseconds per day due to its altitude and velocity. This delay can be attributed to wavelength dilation caused by gravitational and relativistic effects, not a direct dilation of time itself.

3. Hafele and Keating Experiment: The changes observed in the atomic clocks on the commercial airliner can be explained by considering the physical conditions and deformations affecting the clocks. These include mechanical stresses, temperature variations, and other environmental factors that influence the oscillation rates of the clocks, not an inherent dilation of time itself. It's important to note that the Hafele and Keating experiment is not included in the original relativity paper. The original relativity paper does not provide experimental evidence for time dilation.

4. Mechanical Deformation and Wavelength Shifts: Changes under acceleration lead to mechanical deformation, which in turn causes wavelength shifts. These shifts result in time distortions, which are mistakenly interpreted as time dilation.

Your conclusion that "Atomic oscillation speed changes under acceleration" aligns with these observations, but it does not necessarily support the concept of time dilation. Instead, it highlights the importance of considering physical deformations and wavelength shifts in understanding time distortions.

In conclusion, while the observations from the Hafele and Keating experiment and your own tests are valid, they do not inherently prove time dilation. Instead, they demonstrate the need to account for physical factors affecting oscillators and the resulting time distortions. I encourage a re-evaluation of these results with this perspective in mind.

FYI Pardeep Rana Gary Stephens Abdul Malek

Best regards,

Soumendra Nath Thakur

The names 'quanta' and 'photon' :

Quanta

Before 1900, the term "quanta" (singular "quantum") was used to describe particles or amounts of various quantities, including electricity. The significant shift in its usage came in 1900 when the German physicist Max Planck was studying black-body radiation. Planck suggested that experimental observations, especially at shorter wavelengths, could be explained if the energy within a molecule was a "discrete quantity composed of an integral number of finite equal parts," which he termed "energy elements."

In 1905, Albert Einstein built upon Planck's idea while studying light-related phenomena such as black-body radiation and the photoelectric effect. Einstein proposed that these phenomena could be better explained by modelling electromagnetic waves as consisting of spatially localized, discrete wave-packets. He called these wave-packets "light quanta."

Photon

The term "photon" derives from the Greek word for light. It was initially suggested as a unit related to the illumination of the eye and the resulting sensation of light. This term was used in a physiological context by several scientists:

1916: American physicist and psychologist Leonard T. Troland.

1921: Irish physicist John Joly.

1924: French physiologist René Wurmser.

1926: French physicist Frithiof Wolfers.

Although Wolfers's and Lewis's theories were contradicted by many experiments and not widely accepted, the term "photon" gained popularity. Arthur Compton used "photon" in 1928, referring to Gilbert N. Lewis, who coined the term in a letter to Nature on 18 December 1926. Despite earlier uses of the term, it was Lewis's coinage that became widely adopted among physicists.

#Quanta #Photon

William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) (1824-1907)

Contributions:

1. Thermodynamics:

• Absolute Temperature Scale (Kelvin Scale):

• Description: He introduced the absolute temperature scale, which is now called the Kelvin scale. It starts at absolute zero, the point where all molecular motion ceases.

• Second Law of Thermodynamics:

• Description: He made significant contributions to the second law of thermodynamics, particularly in defining the concept of absolute zero and understanding the direction of heat transfer.

2. Electromagnetism:

• Description: Thomson worked on the mathematical analysis of electricity and magnetism, which contributed to the later development of Maxwell's equations.

3. Transatlantic Telegraph Cable:

• Description: He played a pivotal role in the laying of the first successful transatlantic telegraph cable. His work on signal transmission and attenuation was critical for this achievement.

4. Kelvin's Circulation Theorem:

• Description: This theorem in fluid dynamics states that the circulation around a closed curve moving with the fluid remains constant over time.

Both Daniel Bernoulli and William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) made ground breaking contributions to physics and mathematics, laying foundational principles that are still widely used today.

Daniel Bernoulli (1700-1782)

Contributions:

1. Bernoulli's Principle:

• Description: It explains how the speed of a fluid (liquid or gas) relates to its pressure. As the speed of the fluid increases, the pressure within the fluid decreases.

• Applications: This principle is fundamental in aerodynamics and is used to explain how airplane wings generate lift.

2. Kinetic Theory of Gases:

• Description: Bernoulli was one of the first to propose that gases are made up of numerous small particles in rapid, random motion. This theory laid the groundwork for the development of statistical mechanics.

3. Hydrodynamics:

• Description: He wrote "Hydrodynamica," where he formulated and applied the principles of fluid dynamics. His work provided the basis for the field of fluid mechanics.

4. Bernoulli's Equation:

• Description: It is a mathematical statement of Bernoulli's principle, relating the pressure, velocity, and height in steady, incompressible flow along a streamline.

Both Daniel Bernoulli and William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) made ground breaking contributions to physics and mathematics, laying foundational principles that are still widely used today.

Schwarzschild Radius

12-07-2024

The Schwarzschild radius is a measure used in the context of black holes, representing the radius of the event horizon. The event horizon is the boundary beyond which nothing, not even light, can escape the gravitational pull of a black hole.

Equation for Schwarzschild Radius

The Schwarzschild radius (rₛ) is given by the formula:

rₛ = 2GM/c²

Where:

• G is the gravitational constant (6.67430 × 10⁻¹¹ m³ kg⁻¹ s⁻²)

• M is the mass of the object

• c is the speed of light in a vacuum (3 × 10⁸ m/s)

Description

• Gravitational Constant (G): This is a fundamental constant that quantifies the strength of gravity in Newton's law of universal gravitation.

• Mass (M): The mass of the object for which we are calculating the Schwarzschild radius.

• Speed of Light (c): The speed at which light travels in a vacuum.

The Schwarzschild radius is significant because it provides a boundary around a black hole. If an object is compressed within this radius, it will form a black hole. For instance, the Schwarzschild radius for Earth is about 9 millimetres, meaning if you could compress all of Earth's mass into a sphere with a radius of 9 millimetres, it would become a black hole.

Explanation

The Schwarzschild radius calculated using relativistic principles approximately equals the Planck length when the mass involved is on the order of the Planck mass. This connection highlights the scale at which quantum effects and gravitational considerations become significant, as envisioned by Max Planck's work.

• Relativistic Principles: The Schwarzschild radius is derived from Einstein's theory of General Relativity, which provides a relativistic description of gravity.

• Planck Length: The Planck length (ℓp) is the scale at which quantum gravitational effects are believed to become significant. It is approximately 1.616 × 10⁻³⁵ meters.

• Planck Mass: The Planck mass (mᴘ) is the mass scale at which quantum gravitational effects are expected to be important. It is approximately 2.177 × 10⁻⁸ kilograms.

When substituting the Planck mass into the Schwarzschild radius equation:

rₛ = 2Gmᴘ/c²

Given that G = 6.67430 × 10⁻¹¹ m³ kg⁻¹ s⁻² and c = 3 × 10⁸ m/s

rₛ = 2 × 6.67430 × 10⁻¹¹ × 2.177 × 10⁻⁸/(3 × 10⁸)²

This yields a radius on the order of the Planck length (ℓp = 1.616 × 10⁻³⁵ meters).

Significance

This relationship shows that at the Planck scale, both quantum mechanical and relativistic gravitational effects are significant. Max Planck introduced these fundamental units to describe the scales where the effects of quantum gravity cannot be ignored. This is why the Planck length is often considered the smallest meaningful length scale, and the Planck mass represents the mass at which a particle's Schwarzschild radius is comparable to its Compton wavelength.