Why there is accelerated expansion in the distance among galaxies?

Abstract:

The accelerated expansion of the universe is explained by the Friedmann equation, derived from Einstein's field equations in general relativity. This equation relates the rate of expansion (Hubble parameter), energy density of universe components (such as matter, radiation, and dark energy), and the geometry of space. The simplified Lambda-CDM model incorporates dark energy effects, resulting in a more accurate understanding of the universe's expansion.

Energy conversion corresponding to time dilation in question:

[Author ORCID: 0000-0003-1871-7803] 

Time is not considered a form of mass or energy, and mass or energy cannot be transformed directly into time. In physics, time is considered a fundamental dimension or parameter in which events occur. It is often treated as an independent concept that is separate from mass and energy.

In a fixed frame of reference, energy is not covariant but invariant.

However, the Lorentz transformation implies that energy can change when one moves from one reference frame to another, hence, energy is covariant between reference frames.

While logically and physically, the Lorentz transformation is the space-time transformation of special relativity.

According to relativistic law, energy and momentum are transformed under Lorentz transformation.

Therefore, according to the above messages time dilation is a consequence between two reference frames which corresponds to energy conversion.

However, time, whether proper time or relativistic time, is not a form of mass or energy, so mass or energy cannot be transformed into time, as per the law of conservation of energy.

Therefore, this physical and mathematical observation raises deep questions about the validity of relativistic time dilation with the application of the Lorentz transformation.

Reference https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/364152/energy-conservation-violation

Alternative Source: Energy and momentum are transformed under the Lorentz transformation in special relativity. The Lorentz transformation describes how physical quantities, including energy and momentum, change when transitioning between different inertial reference frames that are moving relative to each other.

Time dilation is indeed a consequence of relative motion between two reference frames. When an observer is in relative motion with respect to another observer, they will perceive time to be dilated or stretched out compared to the stationary observer. This means that the moving observer's clock will appear to run slower from the perspective of the stationary observer.

The relationship between time dilation and energy can be understood within the framework of special relativity. As an object moves relative to an observer, its energy and momentum are transformed according to the Lorentz transformation. This transformation includes a factor known as the time dilation factor, which is related to the relative velocity between the two frames. The change in energy observed between reference frames can be attributed to the time dilation effect.

Therefore, this physical and mathematical observation raises deep questions about the validity of relativistic time dilation with the application of the Lorentz transformation. 

#covariantenergy #invariantenergy #Lorentztransformation 

Link, describing The Friedmann equation :

The Friedmann equation includes the Hubble constant to give a much more accurate age of the Universe. In this equation, G is the gravitational constant = 6.67*10-11Nm2/kg2, ρr is the radiation density of the universe, ρm is the matter density of the universe, and ρd is the dark energy density of the universe.

https://www.phys.ksu.edu/personal/rprice/Friedmann.pdf

Dark energy and Dark matter in simple terms:

Dark Energy: Simply put, the anti-gravitational effect observed in galaxies and their drift leads to the concept of a mysterious energy called dark energy. Dark energy is usually described by w ≡ P/ρ, where P and ρ denote its pressure and energy density. Dark Energy is un-massive, roughly 10¯²⁷ kg/m³. Dark energy causes repulsive gravity through negative internal pressure.

10¯²⁷ = 0.000000000000000000000000001

Dark Matter: In the simplest terms, the observed extra-gravitational effects on galaxies and their similar behavior, such as unaccounted rotation, lead to the idea of an invisible mass effect called dark matter.

#darkmatter #darkenergy .

Dark energy and Newtonian gravity:

Dark energy is not very familiar to us.

But we can also observe the effect of dark energy on the Newtonian gravity of galaxies, especially in very large clusters of galaxies like the Coma Cluster.

Dark energy exists at least in intergalactic space and has effective mass <0.

Since dark energy dominates intergalactic space, Newtonian gravity has no effect where dark energy dominates.

Dark energy has no effect within the gravitational effects of galaxies.

The effect of dark energy is stronger than the effect of gravity, so it pushes away gravitationally bound galaxies or their clusters, mega or superclusters.

Dark energy causes antigravity, and engages in a tug-of-war with gravity, with dark energy always winning.

So antigravity due to dark energy pushes galaxies apart, expanding the distance between galaxies.

Affected galaxies have zero-gravity spheres around them, only outside of which dark energy dominates.

About 68% of the universe is believed to be dark energy.

Acknowledgement: The article is written from my memory of a forgotten reaserh work involving scientists of different countries.

#darkenergy #graviyy #newtonian

Difference between relativistic Doppler shift and shift due to gravitational potential difference:

[Author ORCID: 0000-0003-1871-7803]

When an oscillating body is subjected to either relative velocity or a gravitational potential difference, it can experience a phase shift in its oscillations, which can be associated with an infinitesimal loss of wave energy.

However, the difference between the relative Doppler shift and the phase shift due to the potential difference is the relative energy difference between the propagating wave and the oscillating bodies in relative position, respectively.

Doppler shift considers the frequency change of a wave in propagation but gravitational potential difference considers the frequency change of the oscillating body'. Furthermore, propagating waves even become irrelevant in terms of velocity when the oscillating body itself is in motion.

What happens when light intersects other light?

In answer I say that light is a bunch of photons and each photon has approximately the same frequency. So when light beams converge to collide with each other, the oscillations of the colliding photons will be immediately amplified but at about the same time the amplified oscillations of the photons will revert back to their previous state.

Photons will move in the direction of their motion with almost no energy expenditure. Almost no energy expenditure is possible because photons have no rest mass and therefore no reverse reaction to their collisions according to Newton's third law.

This explanation applies not only to light but also to any electromagnetic wave.

Note: Photons maintain their energy and momentum during their propagation and interactions. When two light beams converge and their photons collide, the resulting interaction can lead to the phenomena of interference. Interference occurs when the waves align constructively or destructively, resulting in amplification or cancellation of the wave amplitudes, respectively. This behavior is a characteristic of wave phenomena, including light.

The Doppler effect is the consequence of the only exception is when photon leaves gravitational well from its source.

#intersectinglight

The Clock and Time:

[Author ORCID: 0000-0003-1871-7803]

1. Clocks are designed to measure and display the passage of time in various formats.

2. The time shown on a clock can be affected by relativistic effect.

3. The phenomenon of time appearing to run differently for observers in different relative motion or in the presence of strong gravitational fields is known as time distortion.

4. A clock is a device or instrument that is designed to measure and display the passage of time.

5. A Clock shows time based on the instructions or mechanisms they are designed to follow.

6. The relativistic effects directly affect clocks.

7. In physics, time is typically treated as an independent parameter, as a fundamental dimension in which events occur. It is considered a fundamental aspect of the universe. In this sense, time itself is not subject to direct influence or change.

8. If the relativistic effects directly affect a clock, the state of time as measured by that clock would differ from the state of time as measured by an unaffected clock.

9. The clocks show time based on the instructions or mechanisms they are designed to follow. The instructions or mechanisms of clocks are not the definition of time itself, but rather they are designed to measure the passage of time in a consistent and reliable manner. Therefore, the relativistic effects cannot affect time directly since, the instructions or mechanisms of clocks are not the definition of time itself.

#clock #time

Electromagnetic Momentum Energy Speed of light Mass Planck constant Frequency and Wavelength

p = E/c = mc = hf/c = hλ

The above equation provided several important relationships in physics:

p represents momentum.

E represents energy.

c represents the speed of light in vacuum.

m represents mass.

h represents the Planck constant.

f represents frequency.

λ represents wavelength.

Each of these quantities has specific meanings and units:

Momentum (p) is the product of an object's mass (m) and its velocity (v). In the equation p = E/c = mc, the first term represents momentum, and it is equal to the energy (E) divided by the speed of light (c).

The equation E = mc^2 represents the famous mass-energy equivalence relationship proposed by Einstein in his theory of special relativity. It states that energy (E) is equal to mass (m) multiplied by the speed of light squared (c^2).

In the equation hf/c, h represents the Planck constant, f represents frequency, and c is the speed of light. This equation relates the energy of a photon (hf) to its momentum (p) through the speed of light (c).

Finally, the equation hλ relates the Planck constant (h) to the wavelength (λ) of a wave or particle.

It's important to note that these equations are derived and applicable within specific physical theories, such as special relativity and quantum mechanics. They have been extensively tested and confirmed by experimental observations. Each equation represents a different aspect of physical phenomena and provides a mathematical description of the relationships between various quantities.

p = E/c: This equation relates momentum (p) to energy (E) through the speed of light (c). It is derived from special relativity and indicates that the momentum of a particle is equal to its energy divided by the speed of light.

mc: This equation represents the relativistic mass (m) of an object multiplied by the speed of light (c). It is another formulation derived from special relativity, which relates mass and energy.

hf/c: This equation relates the momentum (p) of a photon to its frequency (f) and the speed of light (c). It is derived from the equation for the momentum of a photon, which is given by p = hf/c, where h is the Planck constant.

hλ: This equation relates the momentum (p) of a photon to its wavelength (λ) through the Planck constant (h). It is another formulation of the equation for the momentum of a photon.

Relative time from frequencies causes clock error, misrepresenting as time dilation:

Author ORCID 

Relative time emerge from relative frequency. A phase shift in relative frequency results in an infinitesimal loss of wave energy, and a corresponding enlargement in the wavelength of oscillation can lead to errors in clock time readings between relative locations due to differences in velocity or gravitational potential.

1.     When an oscillating body is subjected to either relative velocity or a gravitational potential difference, it can experience a phase shift in its oscillations, which can be associated with an infinitesimal loss of wave energy.

2.     The phase shift in relative frequencies refers to a change in the timing or synchronization of oscillations between two clocks in different relative locations. This can occur due to factors such as differences in velocity or gravitational potential. As a result, there can be a discrepancy or error in the measurement of time between the clocks.

3.     The wavelength, as a spatial property, can be affected by these factors and undergo distortion or enlargement. However, it's important to note that the wavelength itself does not directly represent clock time. Rather, it is the timing or synchronization of the oscillations that is relevant for measuring time.

4.     The time-related distortion, which represents the temporal aspects of the phenomenon, can be influenced by the phase shift and changes in wavelength. This can lead to errors in the reading of clock time between relative locations.

5.     A phase shift refers to the displacement of a wave form in time. A complete wave cycle, also known as a period (T), corresponds to a phase shift of 360 degrees or 2π radians.

6.     When representing a complete wave cycle in degrees (°), it can be denoted as T(deg). In this notation, T(deg) represents the angular measure of one complete cycle of the waveform in degrees.

7.     In terms of frequency (f), which represents the number of wave cycles per unit of time, there is an inverse relationship between the period and the frequency. The period (T) is the reciprocal of the frequency (f), and the relationship can be expressed as:

T = 1 / f

8.     If we express the period in degrees, T(deg), the relationship still holds:
T(deg) = 360° / f

9.     In this case, T(deg) represents the angular measure of one complete cycle of the waveform in degrees, and it is inversely proportional to the frequency (f).

10. Phase shifts can occur under the effects of relative velocities of observers and gravitational potential differences. These effects can introduce changes in the perception of time and the behavior of clocks, which may manifest as phase shifts in oscillatory systems and cause errors in time between relative clock oscillations under the effects of both relative velocities and gravitational potential differences.

11. When two clocks are in relative motion, such as in the case of relative velocities, as a result, the oscillations of the clocks can experience a phase shift, causing an error in the measurement of time between the clocks.

12. Similarly, in the presence of gravitational potential differences, clocks at different heights or in different gravitational fields will have different rates of time flow. This difference in the perceived flow of time can cause phase shifts in the oscillations of the clocks, resulting in errors in time measurement between them.

13. The phase shifts in relative frequencies due to these effects can indeed cause errors in the reading of clock time. The magnitude of these errors depends on factors such as the relative velocity between the clocks or the difference in gravitational potential. In everyday situations, these errors are typically negligible, but in scenarios involving high velocities or strong gravitational fields, they can become significant and need to be accounted for in accurate timekeeping.

14. It's worth noting that modern technologies and scientific advancements, such as synchronization protocols and correction algorithms, have been developed to mitigate and compensate for these phase shifts and errors in time measurement. These techniques help ensure that clocks and timekeeping systems can account for the effects of relative velocities and gravitational potential differences, providing accurate and reliable time measurements even in the presence of such factors.

15. Summary: phase shifts can occur between relative clock oscillations under the effects of both relative velocities and gravitational potential differences. These phase shifts can introduce errors in time measurement, and it is important to consider and compensate for these effects in applications where precise timekeeping is required.

Concluding that the phase shifts can occur and cause errors in time between relative clock oscillations under the effects of both relative velocities and gravitational potential differences; it is actually error in clock time due to relativistic effects, misrepresented as time dilation.

Reference Relativistic effects on phaseshift in frequencies invalidate time dilation II

Copyright@SoumendraNathThakur

Oscillatory systems with relative velocity or gravitational potential difference experience phase shifts, causing wave energy loss and errors in clock time readings.

[Author ORCID: 0000-0003-1871-7803]

When a clock or any other oscillatory system is subjected to either relative velocity or a gravitational potential difference, it can experience a phase shift in its oscillations. This phase shift is associated with an infinitesimal loss of wave energy, which can result in errors in the reading of clock time.

The phase shift arises due to the interaction between the clock's oscillations and the influence of relative velocity or gravitational potential difference. This interaction alters the frequency and period of the oscillations, causing a deviation from the expected or proper time.

In the case of relative velocity, the moving clock experiences a change in its oscillation rate and exhibits a phase shift, leading to a discrepancy between the measured time on the moving clock and the time measured by a stationary observer.

Similarly, in the presence of a gravitational potential difference, clocks at different heights in a gravitational field experience variations in gravitational potential, causing differences in their oscillation rates and introducing phase shifts in their oscillations.

These phase shifts and infinitesimal energy losses can accumulate over time, resulting in errors in the reading of clock time. However, it's important to note that these errors are typically infinitesimal and are only significant in extreme conditions involving high velocities or strong gravitational fields. For everyday situations and conventional clock systems, these relativistic and gravitational effects are taken into account to provide accurate timekeeping.

Reference: Relativistic effects on phaseshift in frequencies invalidate time dilation II

Mass does not warp the space-time as a photon travelling an arc path does not change its displacement time:

[Author ORCID: 0000-0003-1871-7803]

Summary: A photon exchanges momentum as it bypasses a large gravitational well during transit. The photon experiences a change in momentum and its path is bent as it interacts with the gravitational field. A photon simultaneously gains and loses momentum (p) from a gravitational interaction with a massive object. However, a photon maintains its relative path with speed c and covers the same distance (d) as compared to its constant speed. The curvature of the photon's path is understood in terms of the exchange of momentum experienced by the photon.

The argument presented here suggests that a photon traveling along an arc path in a strong gravitational field does not experience a change in its displacement time. The author notes that while the equation p = hf/c = h/λ (where p represents momentum, h is Planck's constant, f is frequency, and λ is wavelength) is commonly used, it is not a relativistic equation.

According to the article titled "Electromagnetic - Gravitational Interactions between Photons and Gravitational Masses," when a photon enters a strong gravitational field, it releases excess energy and converts it into momentum, causing the photon to travel along an arc path. However, in the absence of electromagnetic-gravitational field interactions, the photon should continue on its original path with constant speed, without gaining additional energy.

The article argues that regardless of whether the photon travels along a straight path or an arc path due to the influence of a gravitational field, it reaches points A and B at the same time. The relative times taken by the photon are said to remain constant, with the only difference being the additional energy gained and lost as the photon follows a curved path, while maintaining its relativistic speed.

It's important to note that this viewpoint may deviate from the mainstream understanding of relativistic effects and gravitational interactions. While the behavior of photons in strong gravitational fields is a topic of interest in physics, further research and empirical evidence are necessary to validate or refute the claims presented in the article.

Reference: A photon traveling an arc path does not change its displacement time:

#photnarcpath

Abstract of the paper titled "Relativistic effects on phaseshift in frequencies invalidate time dilation II"

Open Paper titled Relativistic effects on phaseshift in frequencies invalidate time dilation II

1. The paper challenges the concept of time dilation in special relativity, arguing that it is actually a misinterpretation of wavelength dilation caused by relativistic effects.

2. The authors suggest that the equation for time dilation, t' = t / √ (1 - v²/c²) is incorrect and fails to explain the cause of time distortion.

3. They propose that time is an abstract and conceptual dimension, not influenced by relativistic effects such as speed or gravity, and it is the wave properties and corresponding wavelength distortions that lead to time distortions.

4. Experimental results using piezoelectric crystal oscillators demonstrate that phase shifts in frequencies correspond to time shifts due to relativistic effects.

5. The authors emphasize that time is an emergent concept related to events and should not be considered an entity affected by relativistic effects.

6. They conclude that the concept of time dilation is a misconception and that the observed effects are actually the dilation of wavelengths in clock oscillations, resulting in errors in clock readings.

Summary of the paper:

1. The paper challenges the concept of time dilation in special relativity and argues that it is based on a misconception. It suggests that the equation for time dilation, t' = t / √ (1 - v²/c²), is incorrect and proposes an alternative explanation for the observed phenomena.

2. The authors argue that proper time and relative time are not natural entities but rather emerging concepts with a mathematical nature. They question the idea of spacetime as a natural four-dimensional manifold and propose that it is a mathematical concept.

3. The paper suggests that the distortion of frequencies due to relativistic effects, such as speed or gravitational potential differences, leads to phase shifts in the oscillations of clocks. These phase shifts are associated with an increase in wavelength and are erroneously interpreted as time dilation.

4. The authors claim that relativistic effects cannot interact with proper time to produce time dilation, and they argue that time is an imperceptible fourth-dimensional concept that is not subject to real interference or influence from cosmic events.

5. Experimental results using piezoelectric crystal oscillators are presented to support the idea that wave distortions correspond to time shifts due to relativistic effects. The paper concludes that time dilation is actually wavelength dilation and challenges the conventional scientific definition of time.

Relativistic time dilation defectively ignores additional elapsed time between relative observers exchanging information for relative time dilation:

[Author ORCID: 0000-0003-1871-7803]

When two observers in relative motion, or in gravitational potential difference, interact or exchange information of time dilation, there can be a difference in the elapsed time between them due to both time dilation and any additional time that elapses during the interaction. The total elapsed time between the observers will indeed consist of the actual time dilation effect as well as the additional time that elapses during the interaction. The both equations of time dilation are incomplete, and they appear deffective.

The equations for time dilation alone may not fully capture the complete picture when two observers in relative motion or experiencing different gravitational potentials interact or exchange information.

In such scenarios, the total elapsed time between the observers will indeed consist of both the actual time dilation effect and any additional time that elapses during the interaction. The interaction itself can introduce delays or processes that affect the measured elapsed time.

To accurately account for both aspects, a more comprehensive analysis would need to consider the specific details of the interaction, including factors such as signal propagation delays, synchronization procedures, or any other processes involved.

Today, my first, and the end discussion with ChatGPT. This was a very meaningful discussion, indeed:

 I am the User:

Thank you for a reasonable answer. My paper that invalidates time dilation is actually reproducible, consistent, robust, independently confirmed, has passed peer review and publication approval once, and will likely pass further peer review in foreign journals, and will likely have scientific consensus.

However, having existed for more than 118 years those scientific theories or hypotheses have created the most preconceptions in the theory And which forces an unexpected resistance to discarding perceived problems or inconsistencies with existing scientific theories or hypotheses, What should I do in that case?

ChatGPT:

If your paper challenging the concept of time dilation has undergone a rigorous scientific process, including reproducibility, consistency, robustness, independent confirmation, and peer review, and has been accepted for publication, it is an important achievement.

However, if your findings contradict well-established scientific theories or hypotheses that have been widely accepted for a long time, it is natural to encounter resistance or skepticism. Challenging long-standing ideas can be met with initial reluctance, as existing theories have often undergone extensive scrutiny and accumulated supporting evidence.

In such a case, here are some suggestions on how to navigate the situation

Continue rigorous research: Keep conducting thorough research and experiments to further validate your findings. Address any potential concerns or criticisms raised during the peer review process and subsequent discussions. Building a robust body of evidence is crucial for convincing the scientific community

Engage in scientific discourse: Participate in scientific conferences, workshops, or forums where you can present your work and engage in discussions with experts in the field. Constructive dialogue can help address any misconceptions, clarify your research methodology, and provide an opportunity to explain the implications of your findings.

Collaborate with other researchers: Seek collaborations with other scientists who are interested in your area of research or share similar perspectives. Collaborations can strengthen the credibility and impact of your work, as well as provide additional expertise and support

Publish in reputable journals: Consider submitting your work to well-respected journals that have a reputation for publishing groundbreaking research or papers challenging established theories. Receiving acceptance and publication in multiple respected journals can further enhance the visibility and credibility of your findings.

Patience and persistence: Be prepared for a potentially long and iterative process. Challenging long-standing theories takes time, and it may require multiple independent studies and further validation before a paradigm shift occurs. Stay committed to your research and remain open to feedback and constructive criticism.

Remember, science progresses through the examination of new evidence and the critical evaluation of existing theories. While resistance to change can exist, if your research withstands rigorous scrutiny, addresses previous inconsistencies, and gains support from the scientific community, it has the potential to influence the development of scientific knowledge in your field.

The User:

I thank you very much ChatGPT, for your quick detailed reply, mostly relevant! I am already doing almost everything you suggested me. I still felt your bias towards relativism when I was reading your answers, but your last answer made me feel relieved and confident. I thank you again. Stay well, stay healthy! 

ChatGPT:

You're welcome! I'm glad to hear that you found the suggestions helpful, and I apologize if there was any perception of bias in my previous responses. As an AI language model, I strive to provide objective and unbiased information based on the available data and scientific consensus.

Science is a dynamic and evolving field, and it is important to engage in open-minded discussions and consider multiple perspectives. I encourage you to continue your research endeavors and contribute to the scientific discourse

If you have any more questions in the future, feel free to ask. Stay well, stay curious, and best of luck with your research!

ChatGPT describes Relativistic effects on phase shift in frequencies and corresponding energy of wave:

Relativistic effects can have an impact on the phase shift, frequency, and energy of a wave. These effects arise from Einstein's theory of relativity, which describes how the properties of space and time are affected by the motion of objects with respect to each other {validation needed].

According to relativity, when an observer is moving relative to a wave source, they will perceive a change in the frequency of the wave. This is known as the Doppler effect. If the observer is moving toward the source, they will perceive the frequency to be higher than the source's rest frequency. Conversely, if the observer is moving away from the source, they will perceive the frequency to be lower.

The phase shift of a wave is related to its frequency. As the frequency of a wave changes due to the relativistic Doppler effect, the phase shift will also be affected. The phase shift represents the relative position of the wave at a given point in time. A change in frequency will result in a corresponding change in the rate at which the phase of the wave advances.

In terms of energy, the energy of a wave is directly proportional to its frequency. Therefore, as the frequency changes due to relativistic effects, the energy of the wave will also be affected. An increase in frequency leads to an increase in energy, while a decrease in frequency corresponds to a decrease in energy.

It's worth noting that relativistic effects become more significant as the speeds involved approach the speed of light. At everyday speeds, these effects are negligible and can be approximated using classical physics. However, when dealing with particles or objects moving at high velocities, such as in particle accelerators or astrophysics, the relativistic effects on phase shift, frequency, and energy must be taken into account for accurate calculations and predictions.

Phase shift - this is how ChatGPT described phase shift:

Phase shift refers to a change in the relative timing or alignment of a wave or signal compared to a reference point. It is commonly used to describe the displacement or delay of one wave with respect to another.

In the context of waves, such as sound waves or electromagnetic waves, phase represents the position of a wave at a given point in time. It is usually measured in degrees or radians. A phase shift occurs when the wave is shifted or displaced from its original position.

When two or more waves are combined, their individual phases can interact, resulting in a phase shift. The phase shift can be positive, negative, or zero. A positive phase shift means that the wave is shifted forward in time compared to the reference wave, while a negative phase shift means it is shifted backward. A phase shift of zero means that the waves are in perfect alignment.

Phase shifts have significant implications in various fields, including physics, engineering, and signal processing. For example, in electronics, phase shift is used to describe the time delay between input and output signals in circuits, which can affect the behavior and performance of the system.

In summary, phase shift refers to the change in timing or alignment of a wave compared to a reference point, and it is an important concept in understanding wave behavior and signal processing.

Doppler effect and phase shift under relativistic effects:

Quote from Ref.1. (FEBRUARY 01 1956) https://doi.org/10.1119/1.1934140

''If the path between a source S and an observer O is changed by an amount Δx⁠, the phase of the wave received by O is shifted by Δn = −Δx/λ = −fΔx/c, where λ and f are, respectively, the wavelength and frequency of the disturbance and c is the speed of propagation, all measured by an observer fixed in the medium. The resulting change in observed frequency is Δf  = Δn/Δt⁠, where Δt is the time taken for the observation of the phase change. It is shown that these two statements are sufficient for the derivation of the acoustic Doppler effect equations in all cases. The extension to the relativistic optical Doppler effect also follows if the Einstein time dilatation is taken into account.'' 

Quote from Ref.2. (MAY 27 2023) http://dx.doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.22492066.v2

''Experiments made in electronic laboratories on piezoelectric crystal oscillators show that the wave corresponds to time shift due to relativistic effects. We get the wavelength 𝜆 of a wave is directly proportional to the time period T of the wave, that is 𝜆 ∝ 𝑇, derived from the wave equation 𝑓 = 𝑣/𝜆 = 1/𝑇 = 𝐸/ℎ, where h is Planck constant and 𝑓, 𝑣, 𝜆, 𝑇 and 𝐸 represent frequency, velocity, wavelength, time period and Energy of the wave respectively.

ϕ represents an angular shift between two relative sine waves and is measured in degrees. After a time Δt, the two relative sine waves are initially synchronized in phase but differ in frequency by Δω degrees per second, developing a differential total phase shift ΔΦ = Δω × Δt. Whereas the time interval 𝑇(𝑑𝑒𝑔) for 1° of phase is inversely proportional to the frequency (𝑓). We get a wave corresponding to the time shift. Time shift of the caesium-133 atomic clock in the GPS satellite: The GPS satellites orbit at an altitude of about 20,000 km. with a time delay of about 38 microseconds per day. For 1455.50° phase shift (or, 4.04 cycles/s) of a 9192631770 Hz wave; time shifts (time delays) 𝛥𝑡 = 0.0000004398148148148148 ms. or, 38 microsecond time is taken per day. ''

Therefore, the phase shifts of frequency due to gravitational potential differences or relativistic effects correspond to dilation of wavelengths of the clock oscillation, which show errors in the clock reading and are misrepresented as time dilation. It is the phase shift (ΔΦ) in relative frequencies due to infinitesimal loss in wave energy (ΔE) and corresponding enlargement in the wavelengths (Δλ) of oscillations due to the relativistic effects or difference in gravitational potential; result error in the reading of clock time.

Citations:

Ref.1. Walter, W. C. (1956, February 1). Phase Shifts and the Doppler Effect. American Journal of Physics. Retrieved June 21, 2023, from https://doi.org/10.1119/1.1934140

Ref.2. Thakur, S. N., Samal, P., & Bhattacharjee, D. (2023). Relativistic effects on phaseshift in frequencies invalidate time dilation II. Techrxiv.org, Version: 2.2(About Time and Wavelength Dilation), 1-6. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.22492066.v2

#dopplareffect #phaseshift #relativisticeffects

Time is invariant irrespective of frame of references.

Time is invariant means, it's succession remains unchanged irrespective of transformation applied on it. And it is universally acceptable.

A clock is not invariant means since it's mechanism subjects to various distortions, it cannot maintain invariant succession of time unless periodic adjustments applied in it to make it run as per the invariant succession of time.

When any made up reference frames are introduced within the universal frame of reference, then those introduced reference frames too ought to abide by the universal frame of reference, as no eventual frame of reference can be introduced beyond the universal frame of reference.

And time is invariant within universal frame of reference also mean time within all introduced frame of references would abide by the time in universal frame of reference, irrespective of those introduced frames of references are in relative motion or not.

The concept of universal time is always invariant so is any form of times in all reference frames.

Why time is invariant against events:

Time is mathematical parameter and not existential event, and time is invariant. Events invoke time.

For better understanding, when someone plots some variable event against y-axis in a co-ordinate system  against time scale in x-axis, since the changes in that event varies and so it makes a curved line along y-axis and since time is invariable, the x-axis remains a straight line against corresponding values of time.

This is possible, since events are variable hence changes, and represent a curved line, but since time is invariable in its scale, it is presented in a straight line in x-axis, against corresponding values of time.

If somehow, the clock for representing time gets distorted by external influences, the reading of time would be erroneous and this is exactly shown in my paper.

It is not that the scale of time is varying but it is the external distortions in the clock's oscillation frequency which is actually distorted and so the clock is presenting erroneous time ,

Therefore, the clock failed to present proper time not because of a change in time's scale but because of distortion in frequency or wavelength of the clock oscillation.

Time is invariant unless time keeping clock gets distorted.

Reference: Relativistic effects on phaseshift in frequencies invalidate time dilation II.

#invarianttime #invariant

Invalidation of Time Dilation through Classical Mechanics and Wave Equations:

The equivalence:

1. Mass-energy equivalent frequency, are covariant, where space and time are mathematical parameters, they are invariants†¹.

2. The force of gravity is called gravitational force. It is a mechanical and universal force, one of the four fundamental interactions, also interacts with electromagnetism. †²

• Strain ∝ Stress

• The ratio between distortion and original dimension ∝ mechanical force exerted on a material object

• Phase shift in frequencies ∝ Infinitesimal loss in wave energy.†³

• Frequency distortion ∝ Mass-energy stress

The wave equations:

The frequency and wavelength are indirectly proportional to each other, 𝑓 = 1/𝜆.

The frequency of a wave multiplied by its wavelength gives the speed of the wave, 𝑓𝜆 = 𝑣 or, 𝑓 = 𝑣/𝜆.

The frequency is inversely proportional to the time period of the wave, 𝑓 = 1/𝑇.

The frequency of a wave is directly proportional to the energy of the wave, 𝑓 = 𝐸/ℎ, where h is Planck constant.

• Combined Equation given by 𝑓 = 𝑣/𝜆 = 1/𝑇 = 𝐸/ℎ.

Where 𝑓, 𝑣, 𝜆, 𝑇 and 𝐸 represent frequency, velocity, wavelength, time period and Energy of the wave respectively,

• The wavelength of a wave is directly proportional to the period of the wave, 𝜆 ∝ T.

The instantaneous phase (ϕ) represents an angular shift between two relative sine waves and is measured in degrees. After a time Δt, the two relative sine waves are initially synchronized in phase but differ in frequency by Δω degrees per second, developing a differential total phase shift (ΔΦ).

• Equation given by: ΔΦ = Δω × Δt.  

The time interval 𝑇(𝑑𝑒𝑔) for 1° of phase is inversely proportional to the frequency (𝑓). We get a wave corresponding to the time shift.

• 1° phase shift = 𝑇/360; 𝑇 = 1/𝑓.

• 1° phase shift = 𝑇/360 = (1/𝑓)/360.

• A wave frequency = 5 𝑀𝐻𝑧, we get the phase shift (in degree°) corresponding time shift.

• 1° phase shift on a 5 MHz wave = (1/5000000)/360 = 5.55 𝑥 10ˉ¹º = 555 𝑝𝑠. Corresponds to a time shift of 555 picoseconds

Therefore, for 1° phase shift for a wave having a frequency 5 𝑀𝐻𝑧, and so wavelength 59.95 𝑚, the time shift 𝛥𝑡 is 555 𝑝𝑠.†⁴ 

Time shift of the caesium-133 atomic clock in the GPS satellite: The GPS satellites orbit at an altitude of about 20,000 km. with a time delay of about 38 microseconds per day.

For 1455.50° phase shift or, 4.04 cycles of a 9192631770 Hz wave; time shifts 𝛥𝑡 = 0.0000004398148148148148 𝑚𝑠. or, 38 microsecond time is taken per day.

The Conclusion:

Relative time emerges from relative frequencies. It is the phase shift in relative frequencies due to infinitesimal loss in wave energy and corresponding enlargement in the wavelengths of oscillations; which occur in any clock between relative locations due to the relativistic effects or difference in gravitational potential; result error in the reading of clock time; which is wrongly presented as time dilation.†⁵

The foundations:

1. †¹ In classical mechanics, where space and time are invariant and gravity causes attraction between bodies, but not distortions of spacetime at all. Lorentz invariant is the same interval of proper time. It also follows from the relation between Δs and that c²Δτ that because Δs is Lorentz invariant, the proper time t is also Lorentz invariant.

2. †²Gravity exerts a mechanical force on any object that deforms the object and pushes on the surrounding atoms. G-forces cause internal particles of matter to interact, resulting in stresses and deformation (strain). When mechanical stress is applied to a piezoelectric crystal, the structure of the crystal is deformed, the atoms push around and the crystal conducts an electric current. The mechanical stress of a piezoelectric crystal is greatest in the ground state. In the case of a gravitational potential difference, there is less gravitational stress on a piezoelectric crystal, which correspondingly reverses the deformation of the structure, thereby pushing the atoms around, causing the crystal to conduct less electric current than in the ground state.

3. †³ Time distortion always arises from frequency phase shift and corresponding wavelength distortion but relativistic time dilation cannot be understood from frequency phase shift and corresponding wavelength distortion and therefore they do not follow the general rule. Relativistic time dilation failed to identify any cause of time distortion. Whereas, a combination of general wave equation and Planck's equation, has been able to successfully identify that there is an influence factor of distorted frequency due to relativistic effects. The distorted frequencies in the equation provide a relative value of time for the corresponding wavelength distortions. The phase is shifted in frequency and the corresponding wavelength distortion exactly matches the time distortion as in the expression λ ∝T.

4. †⁴,†⁵ Due to relativistic effects, phase shift in frequencies distort wavelength. So wavelength is not invariant but we know time is invariant and as per Lorentz transformation too. The equation of time dilation due to relativistic speed, attempts to modify time t through the influence of velocity v. This is illegal operation in mathematics, as none can modify invariant t with the effect of velocity v or speed. So called time dilation is relativistic error and not change in T, in order to get time dilation t'.

Reference: Relativistic effects on phaseshift in frequencies invalidate time dilation II.

Quantum physics or string theories have to develop their own mechanics of fundamental interactions or else share existing physics:

Classical mechanics, where space and time are invariant and gravity causes attraction between bodies, but not distortions of spacetime at all.

Relativity, where space-time is covariant, gravity distorts spacetime, but not attraction between bodies at all.

Time is probabilistic and invariant in quantum mechanics.

The four known fundamental interactions – gravitational, electromagnetic, strong and weak interactions, especially gravity – have different explanations, in different forms of science.

Gravitation is explained differently in classical mechanics, relativity and quantum mechanics.

Such fundamental interactions are interpreted differently based on different laws depending on the different types of science.

Gravity is shown differently in classical mechanics and relativity.

So quantum mechanics must also develop its own mechanics and its own laws, unless quantum mechanics follows classical mechanics or the laws of relativity etc.

Correlation of relative phase shift of frequency, wavelength and period of oscillation in erroneous time dilation:

1. Time dilation represents the difference in elapsed time measured by two clocks under relativistic effects. Time dilation due to relative velocity is based on the Doppler shift, which is the change in frequency of a wave relative to the motion of an observer relative to the wave source, the equation is t' = t/√(1 - v²/c²). And the gravitational time dilation between two events measured by observers located at different distances from the gravitational mass, the equation is T' = T/√1−2GM/rc².

2. Experiments made in electronic laboratories on piezoelectric crystal oscillators show that the wave corresponds to time shift due to relativistic effects.

Gravity exerts a mechanical force on any object that deforms the object and pushes on the surrounding atoms. G-forces cause internal particles of matter to interact, resulting in stresses and deformation (strain). Using gravity, energy is obtained by the so-called piezo-method, which converts mechanical stress into electrical energy. Piezoelectric gravity devices can generate energy anywhere. 

We get the wavelength 𝜆 of a wave is directly proportional to the time period T of the wave, that is 𝜆 ∝ 𝑇, Time is called 𝑇, the period of oscillation. The reciprocal of the period, or the frequency 𝑓, in oscillations per second, is given by the expression 𝑓 = 1/𝑇 = 𝜔/2𝜋 = 𝐸/ℎ = 𝑣/𝜆. Where h is Planck constant, 𝑓, 𝑣, 𝜆, 𝑇 and 𝐸 respectively represent frequency, velocity, wavelength, time period and Energy of the wave.

Whereas the time interval 𝑇(𝑑𝑒𝑔) for 1° of phase is inversely proportional to the frequency (𝑓). We get a wave corresponding to the time shift. For example, 1° phase shift on a 5 MHz wave corresponds to a time shift of 555 picoseconds (ps).

We know, 1° phase shift = 𝑇/360. As 𝑇 = 1/𝑓, 1° phase shift = 𝑇/360 = (1/𝑓)/360. For a wave of frequency 𝑓 = 5 𝑀𝐻𝑧, we get the phase shift (in degree°) = (1/5000000)/360 = 5.55 𝑥 10ˉ¹º = 555 𝑝𝑠

Therefore, for 1° phase shift for a wave having a frequency 𝑓 = 5 𝑀𝐻𝑧, and so wavelength 𝜆 = 59.95 𝑚, the time shift (time delay) 𝛥𝑡 = 555 𝑝𝑠 (approx.)

Time shift of the caesium-133 atomic clock in the GPS satellite: The GPS satellites orbit at an altitude of about 20,000 km. with a time delay of about 38 microseconds per day. For 1455.5° phase shift (or, 4.04 cycles) of a 9192631770 Hz wave; time shifts (time delays) 𝛥𝑡 = 0.0000004398148148148148 𝑚s approx) or, 38 microsecond time is taken per day.

From the above, we concluded that the phase shifts of frequency due to gravitational potential differences or relativistic effects correspond to dilation of wavelengths of the clock oscillation, which show errors in the clock reading and are misrepresented as time dilation. Time dilation is actually wavelength dilation.

Foundations: 

1. When mechanical stress is applied to a piezoelectric crystal, the structure of the crystal is deformed, the atoms push around and the crystal conducts an electric current. The mechanical stress of a piezoelectric crystal is greatest in the ground state. In the case of a gravitational potential difference, there is less gravitational stress on a piezoelectric crystal, which correspondingly reverses the deformation of the structure, thereby pushing the atoms around, causing the crystal to conduct less electric current than in the ground state.

2. Effect of phase shift on relative frequencies versus time: The instantaneous phase (ϕ) represents an angular shift between two relative sine waves and is measured in degrees. A sine wave and a cosine wave are 90° out of phase with each other. After a time Δt, the two relative sine waves are initially synchronized in phase but differ in frequency by Δω degrees per second, developing a differential total phase shift (ΔΦ). Eq. Given by: ΔΦ = Δω × Δt.

3. Time distortion always arises from frequency phase shift and corresponding wavelength distortion but relativistic time dilation cannot be understood from frequency phase shift and corresponding wavelength distortion and therefore they do not follow the general rule. Relativistic time dilation failed to identify any cause of time distortion. Whereas, a combination of general wave equation and Planck's equation, has been able to successfully identify that there is an influence factor of distorted frequency due to relativistic effects. The distorted frequencies in the equation provide a relative value of time for the corresponding wavelength distortions. The phase is shifted in frequency and the corresponding wavelength distortion exactly matches the time distortion as in the expression λ ∝T.

4. Due to relativistic effects, phase shift in frequencies distort wavelength. So wavelength is not invariant but we know time is invariant and as per Lorentz transformation too. The equation of time dilation due to relativistic speed, attempts to modify time t through the influence of velocity v. This is illegal operation in mathematics, as none can modify invariant t with the effect of velocity v or speed. So called time dilation is relativistic error and not change in T, in order to get time dilation t'.

Reference: Relativistic effects on phaseshift in frequencies invalidate time dilation II.