Dismissal of objectionable filing against scientific paper entitled, "Relativistic effects on phase shift in frequencies invalidate time dilation II."

 Mr. Quilling, 

You continue to display your preconceived intellectual dishonesty, even after my reminders against it.

Also your preconceived exposition that says, "... the author's proposal contradicts the established understanding of time dilation ...,"

(1) When your statement fails to appreciate the premises stated in the author's paper, entitled, "The relative effect of phase shift on frequency invalidates time dilation II."

In particular, experiments with piezoelectric crystal oscillators have shown that due to the difference in relativistic effect, the resulting G-force distorts the frequency through a phase shift of the clock oscillation, showing a distorted time scale in line with the distorted wavelength of the wave, which shows an error in reading the clock time. Which is rather wrongly represented as time dilation.

Not appreciating the facts mentioned above, or not raising legitimate encounters against the tests mentioned in the author's paper, will be considered as acts of actual dishonesty by the commenter.

(2) Moreover, the commenter fails to appreciate that the author's paper ascribes the freedom of time to robbery. As recognized in the relativity paper. And relativity does not rule out classical abstract time, but arbitrarily relativizes time as normal which is subject to relativistic effects.

(3) Furthermore, the commenter fails to realize that previous experiments with time dilation by experimenters were incorrect and biased, as the author's paper notes, that physical wavelength distortions exactly correspond to conceptual time distortions; Through the relation λ∝T, while biased experimenters have not tried to find out that the wavelength λ is actually distorted and hence the distorted value of time T (usually t'), i.e. without distortion at wavelength λ, time (T) cannot be distorted. The warped wavelength λ is relevant here, not the time warp.

In addition, experimenters fail to realize that existential events invoke time from the conceptual progression of time, not the other way around. Because they made this deliberate mistake because they were too biased towards Einstein's statement of God, and not what proper science should be, although it was their natural duty as examiners of important scientific evidence.

(4) In addition to the above grounds, the paper contains many scientifically valid encounters that disprove the idea of time dilation, but they are not mentioned here to limit this answer.

Therefore, considering the above facts and circumstances, it appears that the commenter's comments are completely preconceived, on his own thoughts of relativity, and therefore he is absent from the facts stated in the author's paper and hence his arguments are against the author's paper. His complaint is that the author's proposal is inconsistent with time dilation. These comments by the commenter are based not only on guesses and assumptions, but also on the commenter's untrue, preconceived notions.

The commenter has failed to establish a valid scientific basis against the author's paper. Accordingly the above commenter is thrown in the dustbin and his complaint is dismissed.

The matter has now been settled.

Reference: https://doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.22492066.v2

- Soumendra Nath Thakur (Author).

Effects of phase shift in frequency against period of time:

Instantaneous phase (ϕ) represents an angular shift between two sine waves and is measured in degrees (or radians). 

A sine wave and a cosine wave are 90° (π/2 radians) out of phase with each other.

After a period of time Δt, two sine waves initially synchronized in phase but differing in frequency by Δω degrees (or radians) per second will develop a differential total phase shift (ΔΦ).

Given by the equation: ΔΦ = Δω × Δt.

Phase shift in relative frequencies due to relativistic effects invalidates relativistic covariant spacetime:

In relativity, time and space are relativistic covariant but phase shift in frequencies due to relativistic effects invalidate relativistic covariant spacetime.

Explanation

In physics and statistics, time and space are polymorphous, but in pure mathematics time and space have no physical properties. They are only mathematical parameters:

In classical physics, time and space are determinist and invariant; 

In statistical physics, time and space are probabilistic and invariant; 

In relativity, time and space are relativistic, covariant, and downgraded mere components of relativistic spacetime; 

In quantum physics, time and space are probabilistic and invariant.

However, in relativity, time and space are relativistic covariant but Phase shift in relative frequencies due to relativistic effects invalidates relativistic covariant spacetime.

Reference: Relativistic effects on phaseshift in frequencies invalidate time dilation II

My observation - "A moving particle of mass (m), spends half of its total energy in achieving electromagnetic speed":

• A particle having no rest mass (m=0), and moving at the speed of light, spends half of its total energy (E/2), in becoming a particle at rest.  
• And, a particle having mass (m=1), and at rest, spends half of its total energy (E/2), in achieving the speed of light. 
• Where, total energy of any particle equivalents it's potential energy and kinetic energy E = (E.P+E.K) = mv²; E = (E.P+E.K) = mc²; (Note: p=mv but p=Ec).

Explanation:

A moving particle has total energy (E), mass (m), speed (v) but its mechanical speed is less than the speed of light (c). 

In this case, the moving particle will have total energy (E) = {kinetic energy (E.k) + potential energy (E.p)}.

E = (E.k + E.p)....... (1).

However, according to Newtonian mechanics, the kinetic energy of a moving particle,

(E.k) = 1/2mv²........(2).

When the mechanical speed (v) of the particle attains the speed of light (c) in vacuum, the total energy of the particle becomes,

E = m(c)²/2 ............(3).

According to mass-energy equivalence, the total energy (E) of mass (m),

E = mc² ................(4).

At full speed of light, the total kinetic energy of a particle should be only (E=mc²).

However, comparing all the above equations, especially equations three (...3) and four (...4), we get the total kinetic energy of the particle (E = m(c)²/2).

That is, half of the particle's total energy (E = mc²), expended from potential energy (E.p), so that the particle acquires mechanical to electromagnetic speeds.

Soumendra Nath Thakur. May 29, 2023.

Error is not time dilation.

Relativistic effects cause the corresponding energy loss or gain on the time scale, it's not time dilation but error.

Any wave or oscillation carries energy, be it an electromagnetic wave or a mechanical wave. A wave or oscillating force is distorted under relativistic effects.

A change in electrical polarization is produced in materials when they are subjected to mechanical stress. This pressure-dependent change in polarization demonstrates as a measurable potential difference across the material. Piezoelectricity, known as the piezoelectric effect, is the presence of an electric potential voltage around a crystal when subjected to mechanical stress, including gravitational forces due to a gravitational potential difference. A piezoelectric sensor is governed by Newton's law of motion F = ma. The force sensed by the piezoelectric crystal is proportional to the seismic mass times the input acceleration. The greater the mass or acceleration, the greater the applied force and the greater the electrical output from the crystal.

(i). G-forces cause internal particles of matter to interact, resulting in stresses and deformation (strain).

(ii) The kinetic energy of a particle having a mass ‘m’ and travelling with velocity ‘v’ is given by the formula K.E = 1/2 mv². The velocity of the particle is directly related to the wavelength and the frequency of the wave of the particle. The frequency of the particle is given by the relation f = v/λ. Therefore, E = 1/2m.f²λ² or, f = 1/λ √(2E/mλ).

(iii) The total energy of the particle is proportional to the square of the frequency (f) = ω/2π, hence E ∝ f², where (ω) is the angular frequency. Angular frequency (ω), also known as circular frequency, measures angular displacement per unit time, in degrees (t°). 𝑓 = 1/𝑇 = 𝜔/2𝜋 => ω = 2π/T = 2𝜋f.

(iv). The energy of electromagnetic radiation (E) is directly proportional to its frequency (f). E = hf.

(v) Time interval T(deg) for 1° of phase is inversely proportional to frequency. We get a wave corresponding to the time shift. 1° phase shift = 𝑇/360 = (1/𝑓)/360. The time delay for a 1° phase shift with a frequency of 5 MHz and a wavelength of 59.95 m, 𝛥𝑡 = 555 𝑝𝑠.

Reference: https://doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.22492066.v2

#wave #oscillation #energy #frequency #distortion #deformation #strain #phaseshift #timeshift #timedelay

Summary of "Relativistic effects on phase shift in frequencies invalidate time dilation II"

 Authors: 

Thakur, Soumendra Nath (Corresponding); Samal, Priyanka; Bhattacharjee, Deep (Co-authors) (Year 2023):

Preprint Repository: 

TechRxiv. Preprint https://doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.22492066.v2

Abstract:

Relative time is caused by a phase shift in relative frequencies due to infinitesimal loss in wave energy and enlargement in wavelengths of oscillations, resulting in error in the reading of clock time.

1. Introduction:

The Theory of Relativity adopts Minkowski spacetime, which combines three-dimensional Euclidean space and fourth dimensional time into a four-dimensional manifold. The proper time is dependent on relativistic effects and expressed as 𝑡 < 𝑡′. The equation of time dilation is 𝑡՚ = 𝑡/√(1− 𝑣²/𝑐²).

Proper time is an emerging concept, space is a three-dimensional extent, and spacetime is a four-dimensional extent as a mathematical concept. It is not natural, inevitable, or dependent on relativistic effects. Time is not distorted due to relativistic effects, it does not have time, rather error in the clock oscillation.

Counterexamples show that wave distortions are caused by relativistic effects, invalidating the conjectural equation of time dilation.

The conjectural equation of time dilation was based on Doppler's formula, which failed to identify any cause. The wave equation and Planck equation have been able to identify distorted frequencies due to the relativistic effect, yielding a relative value of time for wavelength dilation.

Time is defined as the indefinite progression of events in the past, present and future existences. Stephen Hawking upheld the concept of imaginary time in his book "The Universe in a Nutshell".  

2. A scientific misconception in time dilation:

The equation 𝑡՚ = 𝑡/√(1− 𝑣²/𝑐²) is flawed because relativistic effects cannot interact with the proper time (t) in the fourth dimension. Piezoelectric crystal oscillators show that the error in the wave corresponds to time shift due to relativistic effects.

Dark energy does not affect time in any way, except enlarging the wavelength due to expansion of space, so enlargement in scale of time is unauthorized and disprovable.

G-forces cause internal particles of matter to interact, resulting in stresses and deformation (strain).

Wavelength distortions due to phase shifts in relative frequencies correspond to time distortion; through the relationship 𝜆 ∝ 𝑇, due to relativistic effects such as speed or gravitational potential differences. This result in errors in reading of the clock time, but incorrectly perceived as time dilation.

Real events in space cannot reach the fourth direction of time due to interactions or relativistic effects such as motion or gravity. As a result, any effects on proper time beyond its ideal succession will not cause time dilation. The dimension of time is considered abstract, rather conceptual.

Proper time should never be stripped of its independence and retained as 'natural' even in the four-dimensional continuum of spacetime. There is no time dilation anywhere, but the dilation of the wavelength of the clock oscillation causes errors in the clock time. Wavelength distortions mathematically correspond to time distortions, as in 𝜆 ∝ 𝑇.

3. General Foundations:

• Time is called T, and the reciprocal of the period, or frequency, is given by the expression  𝑓 = 1/𝑇 = 𝜔/2𝜋 = 𝐸/ℎ = 𝑣/𝜆, where h is the Planck constant.

• Doppler shift is the change in frequency of a wave relative to an observer moving.

• Time distortion arises from wavelength distortion, but special relativity's time dilation is not influenced by it.

• Special relativity cannot escape the fundamental equivalence between wavelengths and time, which is much more general than special relativity.

• Distortions of wavelengths exactly correspond to time distortions λ∝T.

• Time is the indefinite progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future, referred to as the fourth dimension above three spatial dimensions. It is not time dilation, but error in the in wave.

• Time is an imperceptible fourth dimensional concept, not subject to real interference or influence from cosmic events.

• Cosmic time is the relationship between time since the Big Bang and events in the Universe. Proper time is subject to synchronization with ideal time, as done with atomic clocks, due to wavelength distortion.

4. Experimental results:

Waves of piezoelectric crystal oscillators show a time shift due to relativistic effects.

Wavelength is directly proportional to time period, that is 𝜆 ∝ 𝑇, derived from the wave equation 𝑓 = 𝑣/𝜆 = 1/𝑇 = 𝐸/ℎ, where h is Planck constant and 𝑓, 𝑣, 𝜆, 𝑇 and 𝐸 represent frequency, velocity, wavelength, time period and energy.

Time interval T(deg) for 1° of phase is inversely proportional to frequency. We get a wave corresponding to the time shift. For 1° phase shift on a 5 MHz wave equivalent time shift to 555 ps.

1° phase shift = 𝑇/360. 𝑇 = 1/𝑓.

1° phase shift = 𝑇/360 = (1/𝑓)/360.

Wave frequency 𝑓 = 5 𝑀𝐻𝑧,

we get the phase shift "in degree (°)"

= (1/5000000)/360 = 5.55 𝑥 10ˉ¹º = 555 𝑝𝑠.

The time delay for a 1° phase shift with a frequency of 5 MHz and a wavelength of 59.95 m, 𝛥𝑡 = 555 𝑝𝑠.

The time delay for a 360° phase shift with a frequency of 9192631770 Hz,

𝛥𝑡 = 0.0000001087827757077666 m𝑠.

The caesium-133 atomic clock of GPS satellites orbit at an altitude of 20,000 km with a time delay of 38 microseconds per day.

The time delay for a 1455.5° phase shift or 4.04 cycles (4.04 Hz.) with a frequency of 9192631770 Hz,

𝛥𝑡 = 0.00000010878 m𝑠. Hence 38 microsecond per day.

5. Conclusion:

Time dilation is actually wavelength dilation, caused by gravitational potential differences or relativistic effects, which causes errors in the clock reading. Time dilation is actually wavelength dilation.

Expressions of Lorentz transformations and contradictory summation:

Lorentz transformations express concepts of relativity involving space, time, length, mass, motion relative to an observer, and the speed of light.

The aforementioned concept holds, 

“(1) Space and time are not absolute but natural.

(2) Variation of length, time and mass with respect to the relative motion of the observer.

(3) The speed of light is constant and independent.

(4) The effect of gravitational potential difference on said transformation is questionable."

Therefore, I submit the following,

1. (i) Whether, Relativity/SR is also based on the above concept.

(ii) Whether Lorentz transformation or time distortion originate from wavelength distortion but they are not understood from wavelength distortion and so it does not follow the general rules.

(iii) Whether in the above concept it is not scientifically clear why space and time are not absolute.

(iv) Whether, in the above concept it is not scientifically clear why space and time are natural.

2. (i) Whether the change in said length is more of a relative error in the length of the physical object than the change.

(ii) Whether not only the relative motion but also the gravitational potential difference corresponds to the same error/change in length of the object.

(iii) Whether length conversion is possible only in physical objects, but not in conceptual extensions of moving reference frames.

(iv) Whether the said time conversion is more of a relative error in the corresponding time than the physical change in time.

(v) Whether not only the relative motion but also the gravitational potential difference corresponds to the same error/variation in relative time.

(vi) Whether transformation in time is possible only in physical objects, but not in conceptual extensions of relative frames of reference.

3. Whether the speed of light is constant but not independent but dependent on relativistic/gravitational effects.

(4) Whether changes in length, time and mass also be considered in gravitational aspect too, in the said concept of transformation?

Reference: https://www.techrxiv.org/authors/Soumendra_Nath_Thakur/15208633

#LorentzTransformation #Relativity

My interpretation on Lorentz Transformation:

Lorentz transformation would be applicable only on physical entities, like mass or vibrations, that too in consideration with gravitational influence on them.

Whereas, only speed, based on Doppler effect, is not sufficient to find the actual reason for such transformation in physical bodies. 

Note: In 1887, in a paper on the Doppler effect (1842) in which Voight analyzed the differential equations for oscillations in an incompressible elastic medium, Voigt established a set of transformation equations that later became known as the Lorentz transformations.

#reinterpretation #Lorentztransformation

Difference Between Organic Compounds and Inorganic Compounds:

All living things contain carbon-based compounds, making them organic. Organic compounds are obtained directly or indirectly from plants and animals. They are even employed as a source of energy by living organisms. Examples of biomolecules include carbohydrates, fats, nucleic acids, enzymes, proteins, and hydrocarbon fuels.

Whereas, inorganic chemistry deals with non-living things. Inorganic compounds are derived from minerals. Allotropes of carbon such as graphite, diamond, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, carbides, and, the following salts of inorganic anions such as carbonate, cyanide, cyanate, and thiocyanate. Non-metals, salts, metals, acids, bases and substances derived from single elements are examples of inorganic compounds.

#Organic #Inorganic #compounds

ResearchGate Stat on Relativistic effects on phaseshift in frequencies invalidate time dilation II, Version 2.1 as on 14 May 2023.

Relativistic effects on phaseshift in frequencies invalidate time dilation II 

http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.12631.96161

#phaseshift #relativisticeffects #wavelengthdilation #eventtime

Energy Fields: - Electric, Magnetic, Electro-magnetic, Gravitational.

Field, in physics, is an area in which a physical quantity is associated with each point. The quantity can be a number, as in the case of a scalar field, such as the Higgs field, or it can be a vector, as in the case of a gravitational field, associated with a force.

The three main force fields are electric, magnetic and gravitational. Often, electric and magnetic fields work together because they are continuously generated by each other's processes. Moving electricity creates magnetic fields and moving magnets create electric charges and fields.

Electromagnetic field, a physical field produced by electrically charged objects. Electric field, a vector field around an electric charge that exerts a force on other charges. Magnetic field, a vector field that describes electric currents and the magnetic effect of magnetic materials.

Electric field.

An electric field is the physical field that surrounds an electrically charged particle and exerts a force on all other charged particles in the field, either attracting or repelling them. It also refers to the physical field for a system of charged particles

Magnetic field.

A magnetic field is a vector field that describes moving electric charges, electric currents, and magnetic effects on magnetic materials. A moving charge in a magnetic field experiences its own velocity and a force perpendicular to the magnetic field.

Gravitational field.

In physics, a gravitational field is a model used to explain the effect that a massive body exerts on the space around it, exerting a force on another massive body. Thus, a gravitational field is used to explain gravitational phenomena and is measured in newtons per kilogram.

Electromagnetic field.

Energy waves are called electromagnetic (EM) because they have oscillating electric and magnetic fields. Electromagnetic fields are a combination of invisible electric and magnetic fields of energy. Electromagnetic (EM) fields are classified by their frequency or wavelength. The electromagnetic field can be defined as light because it propagates at the speed of light. Maxwell's laws and Lorentz force laws describe the way current and charge interact with electromagnetic fields. They are generated by natural phenomena such as the Earth's magnetic field, but also by human activity, mainly through the use of electricity. 

#energyfield

Ancient light from galaxies and their relative distances:

Galaxies at the edge of the visible universe are definitely moving away from you much faster than the speed of light because they are about 46.5 billion light years away. But the galaxies you can see from the past, whose motion is more relevant to your relative speed, can be at most <13.8 billion light years away.

The galaxy you see from the past, as stated above, has now changed from its "light travel distance" to its "proper distance," but you cannot see the galaxy at its proper distance.

It's reasonable to think that you're moving away much faster than the galaxy you see from the past. That's why light from galaxies has been red-shifted in the past.

Likewise, galaxies at the edge of the visible universe passed you by at the beginning of the universe, and you see them moving away from you faster than light, so the light from those galaxies is also red-shifted.

Hubble's observations show that the red-shift of galaxies is directly proportional to the galaxy's distance from Earth. This means that objects farther away from Earth are moving away faster (relative to you).

It's logical to think that, since the universe expanded rapidly for a fraction of a second at the beginning. So if the galaxies you're talking about are close to you, they should be in the first seconds of the universe's beginning, not even in the distant past. Early galaxies reached their adolescence about 1 to 2 billion years after the Big Bang event.

And no, distant galaxies should never appear to you because you're moving away from them. Some of the gravitationally bound local galaxies may reach you, but not nearly all galaxies in the universe.

The speed of light in vacuum is always constant so light can never reach you faster or slower than its constant speed, only the expansion of space pushes everything else away from us.

#galaxy #lighttravelleddistance #properdistance #Redshift #hubble #distance

Effect of gravity on matter: An approach with the piezoelectric crystal.

Gravity exerts a mechanical force on any object that deforms the object and pushes on the surrounding atoms. Using gravity, energy is obtained by the so-called piezo method, which converts mechanical stress into electrical energy. Piezoelectric gravity devices can generate energy anywhere.

When mechanical stress is applied to a piezoelectric crystal, the structure of the crystal is deformed, the atoms push around and the crystal conducts an electric current. It occurs when motion or mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy due to crystal deformation. Piezoelectric materials are materials that can generate electricity due to mechanical stress. The mechanical stress of a piezoelectric crystal is greatest in the ground state.

In the case of a gravitational potential difference, there is less gravitational stress on a piezoelectric crystal, which correspondingly reverses the deformation of the structure, thereby pushing the atoms around, causing the crystal to conduct less electric current than in the ground state.

Conclusion:

The gravitational potential difference causes a corresponding distortion in the oscillator structure and the corresponding distortion results in a loss of oscillator's wave energy.

Note: 

The SI unit of the International System of Units is defined as the time interval equal to 9192631770 vibrations of the ground state cesium-133 atom, represented as s or seconds.

Citation: Thakur¹, S.N. and Bhattacharjee, P.S.D., 2023. Relativistic effects on phaseshift in frequencies invalidate time dilation II. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.12631.96161

• Abstract of the paper ... 

#gravity #piezoelectriccrystal #mechanicalstress #electricalenergy

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About space, time and entity:

My scientific analysis, observations and experiments on space, time and entities indicates, independent of motions, only gravity is responsible for "entity distortion" and there is no time dilation or transformation but corresponding distortion. Such distortions only applying within gravity bound space. A space inhabited dark energy is free from distortion, but expansion applies.

This above statement implies that so-called time dilation or Lorentz (time) transformation, although incorrect, has no application in dark energy-dominated space, but expansions.

#space #time #entity #gravity #antigravity

The Lorentz transformation is not the change in mass but the relativistic error:

The Lorentz transformation, considered formative for the theory of special relativity, was invented by Voigt in 1887, adopted by Lorentz in 1904, and baptized by Poincare in 1906. Einstein probably picked it up directly from Voigt.

Lorentz transformation is known as the relation between two different coordinate frames that move at a constant velocity and are relative to each other. There are two frames of reference, which are inertial frames - motion with a constant velocity.

However, the Lorentz transformation (𝑡/√(1− 𝑣²/𝑐²)) is not a change in mass but rather a relativistic error. Lorentz transformation cannot be a mass transformation for the following reasons.

As we know, the amount of energy (E) carried by a wave is proportional to its frequency (f) and inversely proportional to its wavelength (λ), in case of electromagnetic wave velocity v=c (electromagnetic wave speed).

That is, E∝f∝1/λ ...... (1)

Time interval for 1° phase is inversely proportional to frequency (f), time t(deg) corresponding to 1° of phase,

For example, t(deg)=1/(360f)=T/360 ..... (2)

Derived from the wave equation f=v/λ=1/T, we find that the wavelength (λ) of a wave is directly proportional to the period (T), for electromagnetic waves v=c.

That is, λ∝T ........... (3)

Therefore,

From equation no......(1), when frequency f=5 MHz, wavelength λ=59.95 m (approx.)

Experiments carried out in electronic laboratories on piezoelectric crystal oscillators show that the wave corresponds to a time shift (time delay Δt) due to relativistic effects. And for a 1° phase shift of the 59.95 m wave, the time delay (Δt) is 555 ps. And the ground state frequency of a cesium-133 atom is 9192631770 Hz.

Since, from equation no......(2), a 1° phase shift in a 5 MHz signal corresponds to a time shift of 555 picoseconds.

And from equation no......(3), λ∝T.  {T=t(deg)*360}

• However, a 1° phase shift of a 59.95 m wave ∝ time delay (Δt) is 555 ps.

• 360° phase shift of a 9192631770 Hz wave ∝ time delay (Δt) 0.0000001087827757077666 ms (approx).

• A 9192631770 Hz wave has a 1455.50003025° phase shift ∝ time delay (Δt) of 0.0000004398148148148148 ms (approx).

Here the waves correspond to time variation (time delay Δt) due to the relativistic effect of the relation λ∝T.  {T=t(deg)*360}

Therefore, the loss of wave energy results in a phase shift of frequencies due to wavelength distortion; those are consistent with time distortions in the form of time delays due to relativistic effects, so this proves that there is no mass transformation, and that the Lorentz transformation is not a mass transformation but a relativistic error.

#lorentztransformation 

SI Unit of time, Relativistic effects on phaseshift in frequencies, and, so called, Time Dilation:

The International System of Unit's SI unit of time is defined as the time interval equal to 9192631770 vibrations of the ground state cesium-133 atom, represented as s or seconds.

The definition of SI unit of time clearly implies that the correction or adjustment is made regardless of the time distortions due to environmental or gravitational or other effects at hill stations or highlands.

Therefore, vibrations of the ground state cesium-133 atom is internationally recognized as the International System of Units (SI unit of time).

Accordingly I feel pleasure that my paper titled, "Relativistic effects on phaseshift in frequencies invalidate time dilation II" commensurates to the definition of The International System of Units that the time interval corresponds to vibrations or frequency. 

As my paper describes, "Relative time emerges from relative frequencies. It is the phase shift in relative frequencies due to infinitesimal loss in wave energy and corresponding enlargement in the wavelengths of oscillations; which occur in any clock between relative locations due to the relativistic effects or difference in gravitational potential; result error in the reading of clock time; which is wrongly presented as time dilation."

Reference paper: http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.12631.96161

#phaseshift #relativisticeffects #wavelengthdilation #eventtime

Regarding Cosmic and Artificial Signals:

The speed of electromagnetic waves is the limit of our perceptible speed. Planck units define its threshold.

Whereas gamma rays are the strongest waves and the fastest oscillating.

Information is radiated naturally, as well as communicated artificially. Nature participates the most in information radiation. Natural messages, which we receive, are not modulated signals.

Natural information dissemination occurs in three known ways. The cosmic signals we receive are either electromagnetic waves, or cosmic waves or gravitational waves. We know of no other signal.

Signal allocation in telecommunications using artificial electromagnetic waves was standardized by the former Consultative Committee on International Radio (CCIR). It has now been renamed. For example, television communication systems use signals between 30 MHz and 300 MHz.

#signal #wave #telecommunications #cosmic