The limit in velocity of gravitationally bound objects according to Max Planck:

There is a certain speed limit to which gravitationally bound objects can travel.

However, such a constraint does not apply to metric expansion within intergalactic space affected by antigravity caused by dark energy; whose effective mass is less than zero (< 0).

Max Planck showed us that anything beyond the threshold frequency would become meaningless to us. The Planck length is the smallest possible length beyond which the application of known laws of physics becomes meaningless. So that the Planck length is the limit at which frequency wavelengths can be meaningful to us, but beyond that limit any information that the frequency carries will disappear to us.

Accordingly, the velocity of electromagnetic waves, or light, is equal to one Planck length per Planck time; the limit to which gravitationally bound objects can travel. This value is equal to c.

• Planck mass ~ 22 microgram.
• Planck time ~ 5.39×10^−44 s.
• Planck length ~ 1.61626×10^−35 m
• c =~3x10^8 m/s.

Thus, before relativity came into existence, Planck's law could have determined the speed limit of light.

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