Planck's equation invalidates time dilation:

Planck's energy-frequency equivalence equation E= hf = h(1/t) = h*c/λ.

Since, h(1/t) = h*c/λ.

          Or, 1/t = c/λ.

          Or, λ ∝ t (when, c is constant) 

However, 'λ,' being electromagnetic wavelength of the frequency 'f,' is real entity when, 't,' being conceptual, is unreal entity. 

So that such an unreal entity called time (t) can never participate in a real interactions with any existential events because of the rule of mathematics and science, but such an wavelength (λ) can freely participate in real eventual interactions, unlike time. 

Therefore, the eventual influences such as speed, or gravitational potential, can well interact with the wavelength (λ) of any material body or electromagnetic wave either in such speed or in varied gravitational potential. 

E.g. a material body would experience stress whereas, an electromagnetic wave would directly interact with such influence of speed or gravity - resulting lowered frequency of respective oscillations. This makes the "wavelength dilation" of the body or wave that results respective values of t, due to the dilated wavelength in respective oscillations. 

However, the experimenters confirming time dilation made the fundamental mistake in calculating time (t) as an influenced subject in their considerations, instead of calculating wavelength (λ) as the subject in their calculations, obviously they were more influenced by Albert Einstein than being influenced by the rules and methods of mathematics or science. 

Max Planck predates Albert Einstein but Einstein seems to disregarded Max Planck while proposing time dilation to the world.

#MaxPlanck #PlanckEquation #TimeDilation #WavelengthDilation

Frequency and Time relation

The time interval for 1° of phase is inversely proportional to the frequency. If the frequency of a signal is given by f, then the time t_deg (in seconds) corresponding to 1° of phase is t_deg = 1 / (360f) = T / 360. 

Therefore, a 1° phase shift on a 5 MHz signal corresponds to a time shift of 555 picoseconds.

The wavelength (λ) of that mass-energy wave is directly proportional to the time period (T) of the wave derives the equation λ∝T, we get the wave corresponds to time shift, e.g. 1° phase shift on a 5 MHz wave corresponds to a time shift of 555 picoseconds. 

• t=1/f.
  f = 5000000 Hz; 1° phase shift = t/360.
  t_deg = (1/f)/360 = (1/5000000)/360
  = (5.55x10^-10) = 555 Picosecond.
  

This, one can experimentally observe in an electronic laboratory while measuring gravitational effect on piezoelectric crystals. This is called wavelength dilation - when gravitational effect is less.

How does frequency change with time?

Three possibilities in the future of the Universe. .

Big Rip - dark energy increasing, an ultimate expansion of the universe to the extent that the particles and space and time of which it consists are torn apart. 

Constant Dark Energy - as space expands, the dark energy density remains constant, rather than decreasing or increasing. As a result, after the Universe has expanded for long enough, dark energy comes to dominate the energy budget of the Universe.

Big Crunch - Dark energy decreasing, gravity takes over - a contraction of the universe to a state of extremely high density and temperature (a hypothetical opposite of the Big Bang).

                                                                 * * * * * * * 

Soviet mathematician Alexander Friedmann's model gave rise to three different types of models for the evolution of the Universe.

First, the Universe would expand for a given amount of time, and if the expansion rate is less than the density of the Universe (leading to gravitational attraction), it would ultimately lead to the collapse of the Universe at a later stage.

Secondly, the Universe would expand, and at some time, if the expansion rate and the density of the Universe became equal, it would expand slowly and stop, leading to a somewhat static Universe.

Thirdly, the Universe would continue to expand forever, if the density of the Universe is less than the critical amount required to balance the expansion rate of the Universe.

#BigRip #ConstantDarkEnergy #BigCrunch #AlexanderFriedmann

The tug of war between gravity and dark energy:

The energy from the Big Bang drove the universe's early expansion. Since then, gravity and dark energy have engaged in a cosmic tug of war.

Gravity pulls galaxies closer together; dark energy pushes them apart. Whether the universe is expanding or contracting depends on which force dominates, gravity or dark energy

 

 

#gravity #darkenergy

Dark energy highly affects the structure of large cluster of galaxy:

“Gravity dominates at distances, while antigravity is stronger than gravity; therefore, a gravitationally bound system with its mass can exist only inside the zero gravity sphere of its radius. Whereas, dark energy is effective in the outer region of the domination of gravitating mass and practically have no effect within the strong domination of gravitating mass. 

The density of dark energy is high enough to affect the structure of a large rich cluster of galaxy-as a gravitationally bound physical system embedded in the perfectly uniform static dark energy background. The antigravity of dark energy affects strongly a cosmic structure at large scale. 

The dark energy background produces antigravity which is stronger than the matter gravity in the present Universe as a whole. This makes the cosmological expansion accelerated. The cosmic antigravity can be stronger than gravity not only globally, but also locally on the scale of ~3.26 - 32.63 mega-lightyear (~1 – 10 Mpc).

The local weakfield dynamical effects of dark energy adequately described in term of Newtonian mechanics, and its effective gravitating density is negative, producing antigravity.”

 

#DarkEnergy #AntiGravity #ClusterOfGalaxy #Expansion

 

Credit: Source

The youngest and most distant known galaxy - it's light travel distance and present proper distance.

HD1 is a purported high red-shift galaxy, and as of April 2022, it is considered to be the earliest, youngest and most distant known galaxy yet identified in the observable universe, located only about (330 million years) after the Big Bang (13.8 billion years ago), a light-travel distance of 13.5 billion light-years from Earth, and, due to the expansion of the universe, a present proper distance of 33.4 billion light-years.


[NOTE: Co-moving distance and proper distance are two closely related distance measures used by cosmologists to define distances between objects. Proper distance roughly corresponds to where a distant object would be at a specific moment of cosmological time, which can change over time due to the expansion of the universe. Co-moving distance factors out the expansion of the universe, giving a distance that does not change in time due to the expansion of space (though this may change due to other, local factors, such as the motion of a galaxy within a cluster]

 

#HD1 #LightTravelDistance #ProperDistance

 

The space, time and the existential universe are seperate considerations: The space-time concept invalid.

The expression, "expansion of space" would mean the expansion of space against time, even if time is not mentioned there.

Another expression, "expansion of the universe" would mean, expansion of the existential universe, against time, occupying three dimensional space.

However, the expansion rate of said existential universe is not likely to be the same rate of expansion as of space, because of the reason that space is dragging out the existential universe along with it by some mysterious force. The rigidity of the existential universe likely to counteract against said dragging of space, as a consequence, respective rates of expansion between space and existential universe likely to be different for same said reason. 

Whatsoever, said expansions of both - space and material universe - conveys their expansions only against time. 

Therefore, time cannot be an embedded part, either of the space or material universe; for the reason time is concept, devised to track or witness such expansions, and events, when space and material universe are tracked or witnessed by time, as if, time acts like an umpire, and space, existential universe act like the players. 

There is another inconsistency in the concept of space-rime is that, in case of expanding space, or the existential universe, the time, in space-time continuum, unlikely to be in uniformed secession, considering irreversible nature of time. This is undesirable. 

And the accelerated expansion of space would make the space-time idea even worse, and defective, no wonder such defects are very likely when time is preferred to be reversible or modifiable against the normal secession of time, and even time being a concept. 

There is no reasonably to consider and accept space and time as a space-time continuum, as in general relativity of Einstein. 

• Einstein preferred time to be reversible or modifiable, against the normal secession of time.
• Space, Universe - their expansions only against time, even if time is not mentioned.
• Space-time continuum results inconsistency, un-uniformed secession of time, undesirable.
• Accelerated expansion of space would make time even worse in space-time continuum.
• Time is a concept, devised to track expansions and events, so cannot be embedded with space.

- Soumendra Nath Thakur 19-Apr-2022

#spacetime #spacetimecontinuum #space #time #expansion #expansionofspace

Testing time, in Einstein's space-time, applied in intergalactic space - dominated by mysterious force over gravity.

The expansion of space means the expansion of space against time, even if time is not mentioned there, and expansion of the universe would mean, expansion of the material universe, against time, occupying three dimensional space. 

 

However, the expansion rate of said existential universe is not likely to be the same rate of expansion as of space, because of the reason that space is dragging out the existential universe along with it by some mysterious force.

 

The rigidity of the existential universe likely to counteract against said dragging of space, as a consequence, respective rates of expansion between space and existential universe likely to be different for same said reason. 

 

Whatever, said expansions of both - space and material universe - conveys their expansions only against time. Therefore, time cannot be an embedded part, either of the space or material universe; for the reason time is a concept, devised to track or witness such expansions, and events, when space and material universe are tracked or witnessed by time, as if, time acts like an umpire, and space, existential universe act like the players. 

 

There is another inconsistency in the concept of space-time is that, in case of expanding space, or the existential universe, the time, in space-time continuum, unlikely to be in uniformed secession, considering irreversible nature of time. This is undesirable. And the accelerated expansion of space would make the space-rime idea even worse, and defective, no wonder such defects are very likely when time is preferred to be reversible or modifiable against the normal secession of time, and even time being a concept. 

 

There is no reasonably to consider and accept space and time as a space-time continuum, as in general relativity of Einstein.

Where expansion of space is relevant and where not:

Better way to say that the Universe is expanding only within intergalactic space, that too beyond the zero gravity spheres around the galaxies relevant, but such intergalactic space may not mean the gravitationally bound cluster or super cluster of galaxies - where there is considerable influence of gravity. 

Our Galaxy, Milky Way, is gravitationally bound with Andromeda galaxy, these galaxies belong to Virgo Cluster. Therefore, the space between these galaxies, since gravitationally bound, may not follow the same nature in expansion as in other intergalactic space - not gravitationally bound.

 

#expnasionofspace #expansion

 

The Universe and the nature of its expansions:

Our Universe began forming in its location of the origin at the Big Bang event 13.8 billion years ago; - space began, expanded through inflation, accordingly time needed to begin its uniformed succession in the primordial existence of said event. The universe grew from an almost infinitely small point to nearly an octillion times in size called Cosmic inflation - a faster than light expansion of the universe that spawned the primordial existence, following this universe continued to expand at a slower rate. The acceleration of this expansion began after the universe was already over 7.7 to 9.8 billion years old, called metric expansion of the space. The current rate of expansion of the universal space is between 66 and 74 km/s/Mpc (kilometers per second per mega-parsec.)

1.   Therefore, there is no centre of the current universe; as it was left at the location of its origin.

2.   Gravity does not have influence within the intergalactic space, at least, in intergalactic scale, specifically ruled by some mysterious influence.

3.   The distant galaxies observed to be surrounded by zero-gravity spheres within specific intergalactic space.

4.   The accelerated expansion of the intergalactic space recede the distant galaxies due to said mysterious influence.

5.   The galaxies at the edge of the visible universe observed to be receding faster than the light speed. Those galaxies are entering into invisible universe, so that light cannot reach us from such distance.

6.   The space, within the gravitationally bound cluster or super cluster of galaxies, does not expand.

7.   Some non-luminous non-interacting material appears to make up most of the mass of galaxies and galaxy clusters. 

 

#TheUniverse #Universe #MetricExpansion #Expansion #Inflation #VisibleUniverse #BigBang