Dark Energy, Antigravity, and Accelerated Motion in Intergalactic Space: A Clarification:

Soumendra Nath Thakur | June 25, 2025

This post offers a brief clarification in response to questions surrounding mass motion in dark-energy dominated regions and the nature of gravitational interaction in intergalactic space.

1. Scientific Consistency Over Imagination:

Scenarios proposed in cosmological discussion must be causally grounded. Abstract setups that “pop out of nowhere” without physical inevitability dilute scientific discourse. Hypotheticals must arise from underlying mass-energy relationships—not assumptions.

2. Why Gravity Cannot Survive in Dark-Energy Dominated Space:

In vast intergalactic regions, dark energy dominates and exhibits antigravity. This is best described using:

Mɢ = Mᴍ + Mᴅₑ → where Mᴅₑ < 0 (dark energy has effective negative mass)

Here, Mɢ, the gravitational mass, is reduced due to the presence of Mᴅₑ. This leads to a net repulsion—effectively nullifying gravity in such regions.

3. Does Mass Move with Constant Velocity in Such Space?

No. A mass m in intergalactic space does not move uniformly.

Instead, it experiences continuous acceleration, with the potential to exceed light speed (v > c) over cosmological distances. This is a direct result of dark energy’s antigravitational gradient.

4. Dark Energy as Potential Energy:

Dark energy is not arbitrary—it’s a form of potential energy associated with pre-Big Bang conditions. Its manifestation leads to antigravity through:

−ΔPEᴅₑ → +KE

This transformation defines the observed cosmic acceleration. The direction of expansion is not random—it is oriented opposite to the universe's potential origin, explaining why galactic expansion shows large-scale directional consistency.

5. How Does Mass Move in Intergalactic Regions?

Just like galaxies, any mass in dark-energy dominated space will undergo accelerated motion, increasing with its distance from the universe’s potential center. This aligns with ECM principles of effective acceleration (aᵉᶠᶠ) and apparent mass modulation (−ΔMᵃᵖᵖ(r)).

Conclusion:

Gravity doesn't simply fade—it is overtaken by the energetic structure of the cosmos. Dark energy acts through measurable mass-energy transformations, not mystical forces. Antigravity is not fiction; it’s the logical outcome of potential redistribution in a dynamic, expanding universe.

Let the discussion continue—with principles, not assumptions.

— Soumendra Nath Thakur

June 25, 2025

Extended Classical Mechanics (ECM) Statement on Gravitational Mediation of Reversible Mass-Energy Conversion:

Soumendra Nath Thakur | June 25, 2025

In Extended Classical Mechanics (ECM), gravitational force is not limited to curving spacetime or merely attracting masses. Instead, it actively mediates reversible conversions between energy and mass through dynamic interactions that reflect deeper energetic structures.

This interpretation is powerfully supported by Appendix 10 (DOI: http://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.23866.91849), which reconstructs gravitational conditions in pre-universal phases — where gravitational interactions existed prior to the emergence of rest mass, light, or spacetime. Under such primordial conditions, gravitational fields are treated as energetic gradients capable of triggering mass emergence (ΔMᴍ) from energetic instabilities, and vice versa.

Unified Gravitational-Energetic Mediation (from ECM + Appendix 10 & 12):

1. Mass Emergence via Gravitational-Energetic Thresholds:

   • Appendix 10 shows that gravitational preconditions, when reaching critical thresholds, result in the emergence of mass (Mᴍ) from pure energetic gradients (e.g., from virtual or unbound energy states).

     This supports the ECM idea that:

             ΔMᴍ = hf/c²

     is not just valid locally (Appendix 12), but cosmologically, even pre-universally.

2. Reversibility Across Gravitational Domains:

   • Gravity doesn’t just attract — it regulates mass-energy symmetry and transition. Under acceleration (aᵉᶠᶠ), gravitational input facilitates mass gain (photon absorption); under deceleration (−aᵉᶠᶠ), it facilitates **mass loss** (photon emission), maintaining:

             Eₜₒₜₐₗ = KEᴇᴄᴍ + PEᴇᴄᴍ + ΔMᴍc²

3. Pre-Spacetime Continuity:

   • Appendix 10 also implies that gravitational fields existed before defined spacetime metrics, providing a substrate for energy-mass emergence. This aligns with ECM’s core proposal that mass is an emergent condition of gravitational-energetic interaction, not a fixed, primary constituent.

Formal ECM Proposition (Integrated from Appendix 10 + 12):

Proposition (ECM Gravitational Mediation Principle):

Gravitational interaction in ECM functions as a mediator of reversible mass-energy conversion.

This mediation is governed by effective acceleration (aᵉᶠᶠ) and energetic gradients (−ΔPEᴇᴄᴍ), both in observable domains (Appendix 12) and primordial pre-universal contexts (Appendix 10).

Gravitational force thus not only influences motion, but actively governs mass emergence, loss, and transformation, as part of a continuous energetic field dynamic.

Gravitational Force is Interpreted as a Key Mediator of Reversible Energy-Mass Conversion:

Soumendra Nath Thakur | June 24, 2025

Here’s an explanation of the idea:

Extended Classical Mechanics (ECM) Interpretation:

In ECM, gravitational interaction is not merely an attractive force between masses as in Newtonian gravity, but rather a mechanism that enables reversible transformation between energy and mass. This transformation is governed by changes in effective acceleration (aᵉᶠᶠ) and corresponding mass-energy redistribution, especially under varying gravitational potentials.

Supporting Concepts from ECM:

1. Reversible Dynamics:

   • When a particle moves in a gravitational field, its kinetic energy (½Mᵉᶠᶠv²) and potential energy (−ΔPEᴇᴄᴍ) are not just interchanged but contribute to dynamic mass transformations, i.e.,

             ΔMᴍ = hf/c² (mass-energy conversion)

     where: E = hf is the Planck equation. Energy (hf) is either absorbed or emitted as part of gravitational interaction.

2. Gravitational Mediation of Photon Emission/Absorption:

   • In Appendix 12, the idea is formalized that gravitational deceleration (−aᵉᶠᶠ) facilitates mass-to-photon conversion (−ΔMᴍ), and gravitational acceleration promotes photon-to-mass assimilation (+ΔMᴍ).

   • This makes gravity a regulator of how mass and energy are interchanged, preserving total energy (Eₜₒₜₐₗ) and ensuring reversibility in closed systems.

3. Effective Mass & Acceleration Relations:

   • Gravitational force in ECM is represented via:

             Fᴇᴄᴍ = Mᵉᶠᶠ aᵉᶠᶠ or Fɢ = Mᴍ − 1/ΔMᴍ)aᵉᶠᶠ

     This implies gravitational force not only causes acceleration but adjusts the effective mass content, i.e., mediates mass-energy redistribution dynamically.

Summary Statement:

Yes, in ECM, gravitational force functions as a physical mediator of reversible mass-energy conversion. It does this by enabling dynamic changes in kinetic and potential energies that are coupled with mass displacement (ΔMᴍ), photon interactions (hf), and changes in effective acceleration (aᵉᶠᶠ), all while maintaining the conservation of total energy.

Reference: 

1. Appendix 12: Effective Acceleration and Gravitational Mediation in Reversible Mass-Energy Dynamics in ECM DOI: https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.19018.48320

New ECM Appendix Release – Clarifying Photon Emission and Gravitational Dynamics

June 24, 2025

I'm pleased to share that Appendix 15 in the Extended Classical Mechanics (ECM) series has now been published:

📘 Title: Photon Inheritance and Electron-Based Energetic Redistribution via Gravitational Mediation in ECM

🔗 DOI: https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.27951.04008

This work reinterprets photon emission and gravitational coupling by resolving long-standing paradoxes in classical physics—such as why gravitational force is maximal at h = 0 while potential energy is defined as zero.

🔬 Rather than proposing speculative physics, ECM refines how we understand mass-energy transitions and photon dynamics within a causally consistent classical framework. The appendix upholds the foundational Planck relation 

$E = hf$

💡 It offers a new lens on:

• The structure of effective mass

• Gravitational decoupling during emission

• The meaning of energy assignment in fields

For those interested in the intersection of gravitational mechanics, mass-energy coherence, and foundational interpretations, this addition to the ECM series may offer fresh insights.

🧠 Your comments, critiques, and collaborative thoughts are always welcome!

— Soumendra Nath Thakur

ORCiD: 0000-0003-1871-7803

📍 Tagore’s Electronic Lab, India

#Physics #PhotonDynamics #ECM #GravitationalMechanics #MassEnergy #PlanckEquation #PhotonEmission #ClassicalPhysics #ResearchGate #ScienceUpdate

STATE AND SCALE OF TIME

By Soumendra Nath Thakur | 21 June 2020

State of Time – A Binary Interpretation:

In this interpretation, time exists in a binary state system, where it can either be in the prevailing state (`t = 1`) or the singular state (`t = 0`). This binary framework mirrors Boolean logic, where a state is either True (1) or False (0). Thus, the state of time is not continuous by nature, but digital in its essence—either active or inactive, present or null.

Scale of Time – Decimal Representation of Measurable Events:

While the state of time is binary, the measurement of events within time operates on a continuous decimal scale, such as in the International System of Units (SI), where time is measured in seconds. Within its True state (`t = 1`), time can take on any positive value: `t = +n`, where `n` can be represented in decimals (e.g., 3.14 seconds). This scalar value, though expressed decimally, can be converted into binary digits for digital computation and system logic.

Note: The decimal system consists of ten digits: 0 through 9. A decimal number is a fractional quantity written in a positional notation, where the position of each digit determines its value.

Time as an Independent and Abstract Entity:

Time, in this formulation, is understood as an independent entity, not inherently relative to motion, mass, or spatial position. It exists in itself, not merely in relation to other things. This view departs from relativistic formulations, emphasizing instead a foundational ontology of time.

Moreover, time is an abstract construct—a conceptual framework that allows us to interpret the indefinite progression of existence and events. Like all mathematical abstraction, it arises by stripping away empirical specifics to reveal a deeper, underlying essence.

The interpretation of this idea:

"Time within the eventual universe is in the `t = 1` state" means:

• Time exists as an active dimension.

• It is functioning, measurable, and progressing—while the events, sequences, causality, and change occur.

• The universe we observe is within this prevailing (t = 1) temporal framework where time flows, or at least unfolds in a continuous, quantifiable manner.

• All physical events, motions, and processes occur only when time is in active state.

In contrast, the `t = 0` state, which it has  described as the singular or false state of time, would represent:

These statements express the idea that:

"Time in the eventual universe exists in the prevailing state `t = 1`, representing the active and measurable dimension in which all events, sequences, and changes occur. This contrasts with the singular state `t = 0`, wherein time is absent, suspended, or undefined. The binary framework thus provides a conceptual distinction between the presence (`t = 1`) and absence (`t = 0`) of time across different existential conditions."

Supplementary Notes:

• Timescale:

The span of time within which certain events occur or are scheduled to occur, considered in relation to a broader period of time.

• Time (general definition):

The indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole.

• Mathematical Abstraction:

  The process of extracting the underlying essence of a mathematical concept by removing its dependence on real-world objects.

#Time #StateOfTime #ScaleOfTime #BinaryTime #AbstractTime #SoumendraNathThakur