Can Quantum Entanglement Truly Facilitate Information Exchange?

Soumendra Nath Thakur

ORCiD: 0000-0003-1871-7803

20 March 2024

The following text explains quantum entanglement and its limitations in exchanging information. Quantum entanglement refers to a correlation between the states of particles that are separated by large distances. When one particle is measured, it instantly affects the state of the other particle, regardless of the distance between them. This phenomenon has led to speculation about the potential for instantaneous communication, sometimes called 'quantum teleportation.'

However, this correlation does not enable the transmission of information in the classical sense. While it may appear that information is being exchanged faster than the speed of light, it's crucial to understand that this correlation cannot be used to transmit information directly. This is because the state of one particle cannot be intentionally manipulated to convey a specific message to its entangled partner. Any attempt to manipulate one particle's state would only alter its own state, without conveying meaningful information to the other particle.

In summary, although quantum entanglement is a fascinating phenomenon with implications for quantum communication and computing, it does not facilitate the direct transmission of information over long distances. Instead, it represents a correlation between the states of particles that cannot be exploited for communication purposes in the classical sense.

Explanation:

Information exchange involves the transfer of data between individuals or organizations through electronic means or specific systems. Effective communication over a distance relies on the principles of data, information, and communication. Data can be discrete or continuous values that convey information about quantity, quality, facts, statistics, or sequences of symbols. Information is conveyed through a specific arrangement or sequence of things, involving processing, organization, and structuring. Communication is the transmission of information through various means, with models providing simplified overviews of its main components and interactions. Many models suggest that a source uses a coding system to convey information through a message, which is then sent through a channel to a receiver who must decode it. Modulation is the process of altering the properties of a carrier signal, converting data into radio waves by adding information to an electronic or optical carrier signal. Demodulation is the process of extracting the original information-bearing signal from a modulated carrier wave using an electronic circuit called a demodulator or detector. A carrier wave, carrier signal, or carrier is a waveform modified with an information-bearing signal for transmitting information.

Entanglement occurs when two particles, such as photons or electrons, become connected, even when separated by vast distances, as it arises from the connection between particles. Quantum entanglement is a process where energetically degenerate states cannot be separated, making electrons or photons indistinguishable. This results in two entangled indistinguishable particles being inextricably linked, regardless of temporal or spatial separation. A pair of particles is generated with individual quantum states indefinite until measured, and the act of measuring one determines the result of measuring the other, even at a distance. In essence, aspects of one particle depend on aspects of the other, regardless of their distance.

Entangled particles, such as electrons or atoms, remain in the same state, and when they interact with each other or with some external source, each of them represents different states and potentials that lead to the possibility of performing many different tasks simultaneously.

Quantum entanglement: questioning information exchange.

Anyone attempting to use quantum entanglement to exchange information cannot do so because long-distance information exchange requires communication of variable signals. However, the act of measuring one of the quantum-entangled particles determines the result of measuring the other, regardless of the distance between them. This phenomenon does not represent an exchange of information between the entangled particles but rather indicates that they behave identically, even spontaneously, as synchronized oscillations. Therefore, manipulating one particle will not manipulate the other; they behave identically. In conclusion, quantum entanglements do not exchange information, nor do they act as quantum information carriers; they simply behave identically. Thus, they are useless for exchanging data or information.

Ref. https://www.researchgate.net/post/Can_Quantum_Entanglement_Truly_Facilitate_Information_Exchange

Remark: The speculation surrounding quantum entanglement suggests the possibility of instantaneous communication or 'quantum teleportation.' This speculation arises from the observed phenomenon where measuring one entangled particle instantaneously affects the state of the other, regardless of the distance between them. However, it's crucial to recognize that this speculation lacks concrete scientific evidence, as indicated by the term 'speculation.'

While external influences can induce entanglement between particles, this entanglement alone does not enable direct information exchange. Therefore, while there is speculation about the potential for instantaneous communication through quantum entanglement, it is not supported by current scientific understanding. Quantum entanglement remains a fascinating phenomenon with implications for quantum communication and computing, but its direct use for information exchange is limited by the constraints of quantum mechanics.

Remark2: Regarding the requirement for classical communication in quantum teleportation resonates perfectly with the interpretation presented in my initial question. It reinforces the understanding that despite the remarkable properties of quantum entanglement, the process of quantum teleportation still relies on conventional communication channels to convey information about measurement outcomes. This acknowledgment underscores the essential role of classical communication in completing the teleportation process and utilizing the transferred state effectively. It further emphasizes the fundamental constraints imposed by the laws of physics on the direct transmission of information through quantum entanglement alone.

#quantumentanglement

Mr. Harri Shore responded: probably not… Here's why: Measurement Outcomes Are Random When you measure one particle of an entangled pair, you can instantaneously know the state of the other, no matter the distance between them. However, the outcome of the measurement is fundamentally random. You cannot control the outcome of the measurement on one particle to influence the state of the other in a predictable way that would allow for information transfer. No-Communication Theorem This theorem is a principle within quantum mechanics stating that it is impossible to use quantum entanglement to transmit information (in the classical sense) faster than the speed of light. Observing the state of one particle does instantaneously collapse the wave function of the entangled partner, but this event cannot be used to communicate because the outcome appears random to an observer without access to both particles' outcomes. The Requirement for Classical Communication Even in quantum teleportation, where the state of one particle is effectively transferred to another distant particle, the process requires classical communication to work. That is, to complete the teleportation process and utilize the transferred state, information about the outcome of measurements (which is sent through conventional, slower-than-light channels) is necessary. While entanglement is a cornerstone for many emerging technologies in quantum computing and quantum cryptography, offering revolutionary methods for secure communication and computation, the fundamental laws of physics as we currently understand them prevent the use of quantum entanglement for faster-than-light information exchange. Quantum entanglement does, however, enable new forms of communication and computing that exploit the quantum properties for tasks unachievable with classical systems. Mr. Harri Shore's response marked as best answer: Analysis effectively underscores the limitations of quantum entanglement in enabling direct information exchange beyond the constraints imposed by classical communication. – Soumendra Nath Thakur Soumendra Nath Thakur acknowledged Mr. Harri Shore's response: Dear Dr. Harri Shore, I sincerely appreciate and thank you for your insightful analysis and response to the question regarding the potential of quantum entanglement for facilitating information exchange. Your thorough examination of the topic sheds light on the complexities and limitations inherent in utilizing quantum entanglement for communication purposes. You aptly highlighted several crucial points: Measurement Outcomes are Random: Your explanation regarding the randomness of measurement outcomes in quantum entanglement elucidates the inherent unpredictability that prevents the reliable transmission of meaningful information. No-Communication Theorem: Your elucidation of the no-communication theorem underscores the fundamental principle within quantum mechanics, which dictates that the instantaneous correlation between entangled particles cannot be exploited for faster-than-light communication due to the apparent randomness of outcomes. The Requirement for Classical Communication: Your emphasis on the necessity of classical communication, even in scenarios like quantum teleportation, underscores the indispensable role of conventional channels in conveying information about measurement outcomes, thereby completing the communication process. Your analysis effectively underscores the limitations of quantum entanglement in enabling direct information exchange beyond the constraints imposed by classical communication. While quantum entanglement holds promise for revolutionizing fields such as quantum computing and cryptography, its application in facilitating faster-than-light communication remains constrained by the laws of physics. Once again, I thank you for your valuable insights and contributions to this discussion. Best regards, Soumendra Nath Thakur Dr. Harri Shore's statement regarding the requirement for classical communication in quantum teleportation resonates perfectly with the interpretation presented in my initial question. It reinforces the understanding that despite the remarkable properties of quantum entanglement, the process of quantum teleportation still relies on conventional communication channels to convey information about measurement outcomes. This acknowledgment underscores the essential role of classical communication in completing the teleportation process and utilizing the transferred state effectively. It further emphasizes the fundamental constraints imposed by the laws of physics on the direct transmission of information through quantum entanglement alone. Best regards, Soumendra Nath Thakur

Delving into the Essence of Time and Space: An Analytical Response to Dr. Leonardo Cannizzaro's Inquiries

ResearchGate Discussion Link  www.researchgate.net/post/Do_events_invoke_time_in_space

Dear Dr. Leonardo Cannizzaro,

I appreciate your engagement in the ongoing discussion titled, "Do events invoke time in space?" and for circling back to the initial question.

A-1). Your statement, "we have known very well, since time immemorial, to measure time but we do not know what time is in its essence," 

This brings up the notion of measuring time throughout history. This part of your statement suggests measuring clock time, whereas "clock time" is a standardized representation of the broader idea of "cosmic" time, as I previously defined in response to your inquiry, "What is time?". The definition of "cosmic" time, as articulated in my earlier reply, asserts, "Time, as commonly understood, represents the indefinite progression of existence and events across past, present, and future. It emerges from the occurrence of existential events, highlighting its intrinsic connection to the unfolding of reality."

The latter part of your statement, "But we do not know what time is in its essence," refers to the ambiguity surrounding the essence of time. Indeed, "time" is abstract, stemming from physical events, thus rendering it meaningless in their absence. Abstraction involves stripping or removing properties to distil something to its essential qualities. Therefore, considering only "time" would overlook the role of events, reducing time to its fundamental properties. To better grasp the abstract nature of time, it's helpful to consider the concept of abstraction in mathematics. Mathematical abstraction involves extracting the underlying structure, patterns, or properties of a mathematical concept, divorcing it from its original connection to real-world objects and generalizing it for broader application. Given that time is a mathematical abstraction, it isn't empirically verifiable. Time arises from existential events, underscoring its inherent connection to reality. Events necessitate time, shaping our perception of it through thoughts involving events. Although time isn't empirically verifiable, our perception of events necessitates its existence.

A-2). Your second statement, "We know very well how to measure space, thanks to Euclidean geometry and non-Euclidean geometry, but we don't know what space is," addresses the issue of understanding the nature of space. Your statement highlights the ambiguity surrounding the extension of space. Similar to the abstract nature of time, the properties of space are also abstract. For instance, apart from complex numbers, any number we conceive is a real number. However, these "real numbers" aren't tangible but rather abstract entities. Operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, although seemingly physical, exist in abstract form. Similarly, extensions of space are mathematical abstractions devoid of physical presence, while physical events occur within these abstract dimensions of space.

We gauge changes in physical objects or events within an abstract dimension of space, much like how we measure time. However, in reality, we measure physical changes using a standardized scale of abstract space. Indeed, a standard length scale serves as a representation of the extension of abstract space, akin to a clock representing abstract cosmic time.

A-3). Your third statement, "We know that the universe exists, i.e., space-time, but we don't know that it began or always existed in the sense that the Big Bang theory doesn't define what came before, something needs to exist," 

This raises questions about the origin and nature of the universe. Firstly, you assert that we understand the universe as existing in the form of space-time. However, this interpretation overlooks the primordial existence prior to the Big Bang event, which existed outside of conventional space and time as pure energy.

Describing the universe as 'space-time' doesn't fully encapsulate its existence; rather, the Big Bang event marked the emergence of space and time from an abstract origin.

Furthermore, your statement about uncertainty regarding the beginning or perpetual existence of the universe, due to the Big Bang theory's lack of explanation regarding what preceded it, warrants scrutiny. The concept of a universal singularity prior to the Big Bang event suggests a pre-existing state, albeit without a clear definition.

Addressing the query of where and when the universe began, while there may be mathematical hypotheses, empirical verification is hindered by our physical limitations.

Lastly, your acknowledgment that we do not know if or where the universe ends aligns with logical reasoning.

A-4 and 5). The validity of your fourth and fifth statements hinges on the accurate interpretation of the preceding assertions in 1-3.

Sincerely,

Soumendra Nath Thakur

Relationship between phase shift and time delay: By Soumendra Nath Thakur

A phase shift refers to the displacement of a wave form in time. A complete wave cycle, also known as a period (T), corresponds to a phase shift of 360 degrees or 2π radians.

When representing a complete wave cycle in degrees (°), it can be denoted as T(deg). In this notation, T(deg) represents the angular measure of one complete cycle of the waveform in degrees.

In terms of frequency (f), which represents the number of wave cycles per unit of time, there is an inverse relationship between the period and the frequency. The period (T) is the reciprocal of the frequency (f), and the relationship can be expressed as:

• T = 1 / f, and T = 360°

• Since,1-degree of phase T(deg) = T / 360

If we express the period in degrees, T(deg), the relationship still holds:

• T(deg) = (1/f)/360

• T(deg) = 360° / f

In this case, T(deg) represents the angular measure of one complete cycle of the waveform in degrees, and it is inversely proportional to the frequency (f).

The instantaneous phase (ϕ) represents an angular shift between two relative sine waves and is measured in degrees. After a time Δt, the two relative sine waves are initially synchronized in phase but differ in frequency by Δω degrees per second, developing a differential total phase shift (ΔΦ). Where Φ is the total phase shift accumulated over a period of time (Δt) and ω(t) is the frequency shift that may vary as a function of time. The total accumulated phase shift (Φ) can be thought of as the area under a frequency vs time curve.

• Equation given by: ΔΦ = Δω × Δt.

The time interval T(deg) for 1° of phase is inversely proportional to the frequency (f). We get a wave corresponding to the time shift.

• 1° phase shift = T/360; T = 1/f.

• 1° phase shift = T/360 = (1/f)/360.

• A wave frequency = 5 Mhz. we get the phase shift (in degree°) corresponding time shift.

• 1° phase shift on a 5 MHz wave = (1/5000000)/360 = 5.55 x 10ˉ¹⁰ = 555 ps. Corresponds to a time shift of 555 picoseconds.

Therefore, for 1° phase shift for a wave having a frequency 5 MHz, and so wavelength 59.95 m, the time shift Δt is 555 ps.

Hence, phase shift corresponds to time shift or time delay, where correspondingly is a synonymous word for interchangeably.

Time shift of the caesium-133 atomic clock in the GPS satellite: The GPS satellites orbit at an altitude of about 20,000 km. with a time delay of about 38 microseconds per day.

For 1455.50° phase shift or, 4.04 cycles of a 9192631770 Hz wave; time shifts Δt = 0.0000004398148148148148 ms. or, 38 microsecond time is taken per day.

Example - Phase shift in Transistors:

A transistor has a 180 degree phase shift between its input signal (signal from base) and output signal (signal from emitter). Phase shift is a common phenomenon in transistors.

Explanation of the concepts of waves, oscillations, and phase shifts in physics: A wave is a disturbance that travels from its point of origin, transferring energy but not necessarily mass. Waves exhibit periodic motion in both time and space. Oscillations, on the other hand, are periodic motions in a physical system influenced by a restoring force, characterized by regular changes in magnitude or position around a central point. Oscillations are more periodic in time than in space and are vibration of a distributed system. The description above distinguishes waves as propagating oscillations in time, with some oscillations not becoming waves because they do not transmit energy. However, all waves are oscillations, indicating a reciprocal transfer of energy. Conclusively, a 'phase shift' always corresponds to a 'time shift', regardless of whether it's in the context of oscillation, vibration, or waves, regardless of the wave's form (such as sine wave). This statement regarding the correspondence between 'phase shift' and 'time shift' across oscillations, vibrations, and waves appears to be generally consistent with mathematical and scientific principles. In wave theory, a phase shift refers to a change in the timing of a waveform relative to a reference point. Time shift, as mentioned in the context of the statement, is a change in the timing of an event. In many cases, particularly in harmonic motion or sinusoidal waveforms, a phase shift does indeed correspond to a time shift. This relationship holds true regardless of whether the waveform is a sine wave or another form of wave. The consistency lies in the fact that altering the phase of a wave will affect when certain points of the wave occur in time. For example, a phase shift of π/2 radians in a sine wave corresponds to a quarter-cycle delay, or a time shift of one-quarter of the wave's period. This relationship is mathematically consistent and aligns with the principles of wave propagation and oscillatory motion. This correspondence between phase shift and time shift is applicable in a generalized view, without considering dispersion or non-linear effects or any additional factors that may influence the relationship. The statement provides a simplified and generalized view of the relationship between phase and time shifts in waves, it is consistent with fundamental principles in wave theory and oscillatory motion.

External effects and additional factors:

External effects or any additional factors that could affect the relationship between phase shift and time shift are not the primary focus of consideration. For instance, a time distortion caused by external influences on a clock mechanism does not negate the standardized concept of clock time. Similarly, external factors like dispersion or non-linear effects are not typically taken into account in the mainstream understanding of the relationship between phase shift and time shift.

*-*-*-*-*-*

Assistant Poe: I apologize for the confusion in my previous response. You are correct in this specific scenario where you have a sine wave with a frequency of 5 MHz. Given the relationship between phase shift, frequency, and time, you can calculate the corresponding time shift or time delay.

In this case, a 1° phase shift on a 5 MHz wave corresponds to a time shift of approximately 555 picoseconds (ps). This means that if you shift the waveform by 1°, the corresponding time delay between the original waveform and the shifted waveform would be approximately 555 ps.

So, in the context of a specific frequency and waveform, you can use the terms "phase shift" and "time shift" interchangeably, as they are directly related in this scenario. However, it's important to note that this relationship may not hold universally for all waveforms or systems. It is specific to sinusoidal waveforms and the calculation you provided is based on that assumption.

Thank you for pointing out the specific calculation and clarification. If you have any further questions, please let me know!

In response to the above 'Explanation of the concepts of waves, oscillations, and phase shifts in physics:'

Assistant Poe replies:

I appreciate your input and the additional explanation you provided. You make valid points regarding the relationship between phase shift and time shift across oscillations, vibrations, and waves. Indeed, in many cases, particularly in harmonic motion or sinusoidal waveforms, a phase shift does correspond to a time shift. The mathematical relationship between phase shift and time shift, as you mentioned, holds true for sinusoidal waves, where specific phase shifts can be directly related to specific time shifts. In a sine wave, for example, a phase shift of π/2 radians corresponds to a quarter-cycle delay, or a time shift of one-quarter of the wave's period. This relationship is consistent and aligns with the principles of wave propagation and oscillatory motion. It is important to note that the correspondence between phase shift and time shift may not hold universally for all waveforms, especially when considering factors such as dispersion, non-linear effects, or other complexities that can arise in wave propagation. In such cases, the relationship between phase shift and time shift may become more intricate and context-dependent. Thank you for providing a more detailed explanation and highlighting the generalized view of the relationship between phase shift and time shift in waves. It indeed aligns with fundamental principles in wave theory and oscillatory motion.

In response to the above 'External effects and additional factors:'

Assistant Poe replies:

You are correct that in many cases, the standardized concept of clock time or the mainstream understanding of the relationship between phase shift and time shift does not typically take into account external factors such as dispersion or non-linear effects. The simplified and generalized view of the relationship between phase shift and time shift, as discussed earlier, is often sufficient for understanding and analysing waveforms, especially in the context of harmonic motion or sinusoidal waves. However, it's worth noting that in certain specialized fields or specific applications, such as in areas of wave propagation affected by dispersion or non-linear effects, the relationship between phase shift and time shift can become more complex. These factors can introduce additional considerations and may lead to deviations from the simplified relationship. In the mainstream understanding of phase shift and time shift, particularly in the context of sinusoidal waveforms, the simplified relationship is widely applicable and provides a useful framework for analysis and calculations. It serves as a foundational concept to understand the relative timing and alignment of waveforms. Thank you for emphasizing the primary focus of consideration and the standardized understanding of the relationship between phase shift and time shift in the absence of external effects or additional factors.

#phaseshift #TimeDelay

A part of a ResearchGate discussion, titled: 'Do events invoke time in space?'

Link of ResearchGate Discussion

When your profound insights into the nature of time and space resonate deeply with my own contemplations, I am pleased to share my rational understanding as the answer to your specific questions.

1. What is time?: Time, as commonly understood, represents the indefinite progression of existence and events across past, present, and future. It emerges from the occurrence of existential events, highlighting its intrinsic connection to the unfolding of reality.
2. When does time begin?: Rather than pinpointing the beginning of time, we can focus on the onset of existential events, such as the Big Bang, which marks the earliest known event in the universe. Mathematical explorations hint at a prior noneventful state before the commencement of the universe's eventful journey.
3. What was there before time began?: This question delves into the concept of the initial singularity predicted by some Big Bang models, representing a state preceding the emergence of time. Mathematical research suggests a noneventful infinite energetic point's oscillation before the initiation of events.
4. What is space?: Space is defined as a continuous expanse containing the dimensions of height, depth, and width within which all things exist and move. It extends from a common point or origin, reflecting the fundamental scientific understanding of space.
5. Where does space begin?: According to interpretations of the Big Bang model, physical events, dimensions of space, and the concept of time originate from a dimensionless point at the universe's origin. Ongoing mathematical explorations further elucidate the pre-existence and beginning of the universe.
6. What was there before the beginning of space?: Space emerges alongside events, suggesting that in a noneventful state, space is unnecessary. Thus, space begins with the onset of events, mirroring the emergence of time.

Your questions have sparked profound reflections on the interconnectedness of events, time, and space, and I am grateful for the opportunity to engage in this dialogue.

Yours sincerely,

#event #space #time

Summary Draft of Relativistic Effects and Photon-Mirror Interaction – Energy Absorption and Time Delay: (Rev1)

Soumendra Nath Thakur
ORCiD: 0000-0003-1871-7803

10th March, 2024

The Photons:

Photons are elementary particles that act as carriers of the electromagnetic force, spanning the entire electromagnetic spectrum from radio waves to gamma-rays and visible light. Their energy can be determined using Planck's equation (E = hf), and their speed is defined by the ratio of the Planck length (ℓP) to the Planck time (tP), approximately equal to the speed of light (c). Photons interact with gravitational fields, both of source objects and external massive bodies, experiencing changes in energy and momentum. As photons traverse through space, they undergo gravitational redshift and cosmic redshift, encountering both gravity and antigravity. This paper focuses on the interaction between photons and electrons within dense media, highlighting the temporary excitation of electrons and the subsequent discharge of surplus energy through re-emission or scattering.

I). Energy Absorption Equation ΔE = (γi - γr) = (hΔf):

The equation for energy absorption describes the energy absorbed by the mirror during the interaction between incident and reflecting photons, known as "Absorption loss." It accounts for infinitesimal changes in energy, phase shifts, and time delays during photon-surface interactions, influencing whether photons are reflected or absorbed.

II). Photon Frequency Equations (f₁ and f₂):

These equations represent the frequencies of incident and reflecting photons, respectively, determining Δf and subsequently, time delay (Δt) between them.

III). Time Delay Equation {Δt = (1/Δf)/360:}

This equation relates the difference in frequencies of incident and reflecting photons to the time delay (Δt) between them..

IV) Relationship between Energy Difference and Time Delay (ΔE, Δt):

Establishes the connection between energy absorbed by the mirror and time delay between incident and reflecting photons.

Processes involved:

I). Describes the interaction of photons with electrons in dense transparent media, leading to temporary excitation of electrons and subsequent re-emission or scattering of photons.

II). Explains the predictable behaviour of reflected photons concerning angles of incidence and reflection.

III). Details the absorption and re-emission of photons by electrons on mirror surfaces.

IV). Discusses infinitesimal absorption loss experienced by photons during interactions with surfaces.

V). Relates incident and reflected photon energies and frequencies, emphasizing minimal energy loss during interactions.

VI). Specifies changes in frequencies between incident and reflected photons.

VII). Determines Δf as the difference between incident and reflecting photon frequencies.

VIII). Computes infinitesimal time delay (Δt) corresponding to Δf.

Equations and Mathematical Expressions:

Describes equations and expressions governing photon behaviour and interactions, including Planck's equation, equations for energy absorption, frequency, time delay equivalence, and their applications.

Absorption Loss in the Context of Visible Light:

Discusses absorption loss phenomena in visible light, considering different colours, their frequencies, and implications of infinitesimal changes in energy and time delays.

Relevant Equations:

Lists relevant equations derived from Planck's equation, governing photon properties, processes involved, and their applications:

Equation 1: E = hf (Planck's equation), where E is energy, h is Planck's constant, and f is frequency.
Equation 2: ℓP/tP = c, where ℓP is the Planck length, tP is the Planck time, and c is the speed of light.
Equation 3: ΔE = hΔf (Derived from Planck equation)
Equation 4: Incident photon energy (γi) = hf₁
Equation 5: Reflecting photon energy (γr) = (hf₁ - ΔE)
Equation 6: Photon energy absorption (γi - γr) = (ΔE)
Equation 7: f₁ = Incident photon frequency
Equation 8: f₂ = Reflecting photon frequency
Equation 9: T(deg) = (1/f)/360 = Δt
Equation 10: f = E/h = 1/{T(deg)*360}
Equation 11: Δt = T(deg) = (1/f)/360
Equation 12: f = E/h = 1/{T(deg)*360}