Energy persistence beyond Planck scale:

 Soumendra Nath Thakur, Tagore’s Electronic Lab, India

ORCiD: 0000-0003-1871-7803

Date: 21-Oct-2023

 Abstract:

The persistent pursuit to unravel the profound mysteries of the universe has been the driving force propelling scientific exploration. In this relentless quest, humanity has ventured into the microscopic realms of matter and gazed into the unfathomable expanse of space. However, the deeper we delve into the cosmos, the more we grapple with the enigmatic boundaries of our perception. One such boundary, Planck's length, symbolized as "ℓP," stands as a fundamental constant in physics, marking the threshold where quantum effects come to the fore. At this infinitesimal scale, our comprehension of the physical world encounters its limitations, as the very fabric of space-time unveils its quantum nature.

This paper embarks on a captivating exploration: the proposition that beyond Planck's length, energy, delineated by the equation E=hf, persists even when it eludes our senses due to the restrictions of our inherent perceptibility. As we navigate these frontiers, we grapple with the complexities of understanding and quantifying phenomena that reside beyond our conventional perceptual horizon. We scrutinize this intriguing concept through the lens of three scientifically plausible propositions:

Energy Persists Beyond Planck Scale: Our journey into the notion that energy, governed by the equation E = hf, endures even in the imperceptible domain beyond the Planck scale. The conservation of energy law intimately connected to the Planck constant (h) and the gravitational constant (G) provides a compelling foundation for its continuity, despite its inaccessibility to our senses.

Analogies with Dark Energy and Dark Matter: We establish analogies with the enigmatic entities of dark energy and dark matter, bolstering the notion that imperceptible phenomena can wield profound effects on our observable universe. Dark energy, while imperceptible directly, exerts an undeniable influence on the cosmos.

Challenges of Imperceptibility: Recognizing the challenges posed by imperceptibility, we confront the fundamental intricacies presented by scales beyond the Planck length. Our understanding of space, time, and dimensionality faces formidable challenges in these uncharted territories, raising fundamental questions about the nature of reality. 

This research is grounded in mathematical exploration, within established scientific frameworks, elucidating the complex interplay between imperceptible phenomena and the enduring principles of physics and conservation laws. It serves as a contemplative step toward unraveling the enigmatic boundaries of the universe and expanding the horizons of human comprehension. 

Keywords: Energy conservation, Planck scale, imperceptibility, dark energy, dark matter, fundamental constants, quantum mechanics, gravitational constant, Planck constant, 

Introduction

The quest to understand the fundamental nature of our universe has long been a driving force behind scientific inquiry. In this pursuit, we have delved into the depths of matter and peered into the vastness of space. However, the more we explore, the more we encounter the enigmatic boundaries of our perception. One such boundary, Planck's length, denoted as "ℓP," is a fundamental constant in physics, representing the scale at which quantum effects become significant. At this infinitesimal length, our comprehension of the physical world faces its limitations, as the very fabric of space-time reveals its quantum nature. 

This paper explores a fascinating proposition: the notion that beyond Planck's length, energy, described by the relationship E=hf, endures even when it becomes imperceptible to us due to the constraints of our inherent perceptibility. As we venture into these realms, we are confronted with the challenges of understanding and quantifying phenomena that exist beyond the boundaries of our conventional perception. We investigate this intriguing concept in light of three scientifically acceptable propositions: 

The energy (E = hf) persists even when it ventures into the imperceptible domain beyond the Planck scale. The conservation of energy law intrinsically connected to the Planck constant (h) and the gravitational constant (G) provides a compelling argument for its continuity, despite its inaccessibility to our senses. 

Analogies with the enigmatic entities of dark energy and dark matter support the idea that imperceptible phenomena can have profound effects on our observable universe. Dark energy, for instance, is imperceptible to us directly, yet its influence on the expansion of the cosmos is unmistakable. 

The concept of imperceptibility itself presents a unique challenge. Our perception is limited by the Planck scale, and we encounter conceptual difficulties when dealing with sizes smaller than this fundamental length. It is at this juncture that our conventional understanding of space, time, and dimensionality begins to break down, raising fundamental questions about the nature of reality. 

By amalgamating these considerations and exploring the mathematical underpinnings, we delve into the profound interplay between imperceptible phenomena and the enduring principles of physics and conservation laws. This paper serves as a contemplative step toward comprehending the universe's mysterious boundaries and expanding the frontiers of human understanding. 

Methodology:

This research embarks on a journey to investigate the persistence of energy beyond the Planck scale (ℓP), even when it transcends the limits of our perceptibility. Our approach is rooted in scientific principles and the challenges posed by the inherent limitations of our perception at these scales. 

Propositions Based on Scientific Reasoning:

Our investigation is framed within the context of three scientifically acceptable propositions, each reliant on the values of two critical constants, the Planck constant (h ≈ 6.62607015 x 10ˉ³⁴ Joule-seconds) and the gravitational constant G ≈ 6.67430 x 10ˉ¹¹ m³kgˉ¹sˉ². 

Proposition 1: Energy persistence beyond Planck scale:

We delve into the concept that energy, governed by the equation E = hf, persists even when it ventures into the imperceptible domain beyond the Planck scale. The conservation of energy law intrinsically connected to the Planck constant (h) and the gravitational constant (G) provides a fundamental basis for asserting that energy endures even when it becomes inaccessible to our senses. 

Proposition 2: Analogies with Dark Energy and Dark Matter:

Drawing analogies with the elusive entities of dark energy and dark matter, we connect the scientific reasoning behind their imperceptibility to the notion that imperceptible phenomena can have substantial effects on our observable universe. These analogies further reinforce the idea that energy can endure beyond our perceptual limits, just as dark energy and dark matter, despite being imperceptible, shape the cosmos. 

Proposition 3: Challenges of Imperceptibility:

Recognizing the challenges posed by imperceptibility, we acknowledge the fundamental difficulty presented by scales beyond the Planck length. Our understanding of space, time, and dimensionality faces considerable difficulties in these uncharted territories, leading to fundamental questions about the nature of reality. 

Mathematical Exploration within Established Frameworks

We will mathematically explore the persistence of energy beyond the Planck scale by considering the fundamental relationship E = hf. This equation, based on the Planck constant (h) and frequency (f), is a cornerstone of quantum mechanics. 

Conceptualization of Imperceptibility:

Our research acknowledges the challenge of presenting perceptible sizes smaller than the Planck length with precision. It is essential to recognize that our conventional understanding of space and time begins to lose coherence at these infinitesimal scales. Therefore, our methodology primarily relies on the mathematical equations representing energy (E = hf) and the fundamental constant of Planck length, ℓP = √ (ħG/c³), where ħ represents the reduced Planck constant (ħ ≈ 1.0545718 x 10ˉ³⁴ Joule-seconds).

Conceptual Framework and Mathematical Derivation:

By leveraging the foundational equations of quantum mechanics and the Planck length, we aim to develop a conceptual framework for understanding the persistence of energy beyond Planck's scale. This includes mathematical derivations that align with these propositions, particularly Proposition 1. We will establish how energy can exist beyond our perceptual limits, as the conservation of energy law dictates, deeply connected to the Planck constant (h) and its reduced form (ħ). 

Boundaries of Perception and the Fourth Dimension:

We will explore the inherent limitations of human perception at scales beyond the Planck length, recognizing that these boundaries challenge our conventional understanding of space and time. This discussion will introduce the concept of the fourth dimension, which, though imperceptible to us, theoretically extends beyond the perceptible three spatial dimensions. Our exploration is guided by the reduced Planck constant (ħ), illuminating the interplay between perceptibility and imperceptibility. 

Analogy with Dark Energy and Dark Matter:

Analogies with dark energy and dark matter will provide additional support for the idea that energy persists even when it becomes imperceptible. These analogies, underpinned by the Planck constant (h) and the reduced Planck constant (ħ), reinforce the principle of energy conservation in the face of imperceptibility. 

Implications and Need for Further Exploration:

Our methodology will conclude by discussing the implications of these findings and the imperative need for further exploration and evidence to advance this concept within the realm of scientific discourse. We recognize the complexity of reconciling imperceptibility with well-established scientific principles, underscoring the depth of this thought-provoking perspective. 

In this intricate journey, the values of constants like the Planck constant (h) and the gravitational constant (G) provide the threads by which we weave our understanding of the persistence of energy beyond the Planck scale, pushing the boundaries of our perceptual and conceptual limitations. 

Discussion:

As we delve into the profound questions about the fundamental nature of our universe, we are confronted with the enigmatic boundaries of our perceptual and conceptual limitations. One such boundary is Planck's length (ℓP), a fundamental constant in physics. It represents the scale at which quantum effects become significant and classical physics ceases to provide an adequate description. Planck's length is often denoted as: 

ℓP = √ (ħG/c³)

Here, ħ (pronounced "h-bar") represents the reduced Planck constant, which has a value of approximately 1.0545718 x 10ˉ³⁴ Joule-seconds, and G is the gravitational constant with a value of approximately 6.67430 x 10ˉ¹¹ m³kgˉ¹sˉ². 

Our research acknowledges the challenge of presenting perceptible sizes smaller than the Planck length with precision, given that our conventional understanding of space and time begins to lose coherence at these infinitesimal scales. Therefore, our methodology primarily relies on the mathematical equations representing energy (E = hf), where h is the Planck constant, and the fundamental constant of Planck length. 

The intriguing proposition we explore is the notion that beyond Planck's length, energy, described by the relationship E = hf, endures even when it becomes imperceptible to us due to the constraints of our inherent perceptibility. We must emphasize the significance of the Planck constant and the reduced Planck constant in these equations. The Planck constant (h) is a fundamental constant, with a value of approximately 6.62607015 x 10ˉ³⁴ Joule-seconds, and it plays a central role in quantum mechanics. 

Our understanding of space-time, as we approach scales close to or beyond the Planck length, encounters severe limitations, raising fundamental questions about how we define and measure these dimensions. The reduced Planck constant (ħ), derived from the Planck constant (h) by dividing it by 2π, also makes its presence known in quantum mechanics. Its value is approximately 1.0545718 x 10ˉ³⁴ Joule-seconds. 

This complex interplay of constants and fundamental principles highlights the challenge of probing the imperceptible. We find support for our notion in established phenomena, such as the existence of dark energy and dark matter, both of which are inferred from their interactions with observable matter, despite being imperceptible themselves. 

The persistence of energy, even when it crosses the threshold of perceptibility, introduces a captivating dimension to our understanding of the physical universe. This research underscores the need for further exploration and evidence to advance this concept within the realm of scientific discourse. 

In the grand tapestry of the cosmos, our exploration of the infinitesimal and the imperceptible is an ongoing journey that stretches the limits of our comprehension, where the values of constants like ħ provide the threads by which we weave our understanding. 

Mathematical Presentation:

This mathematical presentation forms the foundation for our research on the persistence of energy beyond the Planck scale, weaving together scientific reasoning and conceptual framework, all underpinned by critical constants like the Planck constant (h) and its reduced counterpart (ħ). 

Energy persistence beyond Planck scale 

Equation: E = hf

In this step, we start with the foundational equation of quantum mechanics, E = hf, where E represents energy, h is the Planck constant (h ≈ 6.62607015 x 10ˉ³⁴ Joule-seconds), and f is frequency. This equation serves as the cornerstone of our mathematical exploration, allowing us to understand how energy behaves at quantum scales beyond the Planck length. 

Conversion of Planck Length 

Equation: ℓP = √ (ħG/c³)

To relate the energy equation to the Planck length (ℓP), we need to account for the reduced Planck constant (ħ ≈ 1.0545718 x 10ˉ³⁴ Joule-seconds), gravitational constant (G ≈ 6.67430 x 10ˉ¹¹ m³kgˉ¹sˉ²) and the speed of light (c). We use the equation ℓP = √ (ħG/c³) to convert the values into a format suitable for quantum-scale calculations. 

Conceptual Framework for Energy Persistence 

Equation: E = ℓPc³/√ (ħG)

This step involves the development of a conceptual framework to understand how energy can persist beyond the Planck scale. We derive the equation E = ℓPc³/√ (ħG), connecting energy to the Planck length (ℓP), the speed of light (c), the reduced Planck constant (ħ), and the gravitational constant (G). 

Boundaries of Perception and the Fourth Dimension 

Equation: Fourth Dimension = √ (ħG/c⁵)

At scales beyond the Planck length, we explore the boundaries of human perception. The concept of the fourth dimension emerges, where the fourth dimension = √ (ħG/c⁵), providing insights into how additional dimensions may exist beyond the perceptible three spatial dimensions. 

Analogy with Dark Energy and Dark Matter 

Equation: Dark Energy Effects = √ (ħG/c³)

Drawing analogies with dark energy, we introduce the equation Dark Energy Effects = √ (ħG/c³) to understand how imperceptible phenomena, like dark energy, can have substantial impacts on the observable universe. This equation reinforces the idea of energy persistence in the face of imperceptibility. 

Implications and Further Exploration 

Equation: Exploration Imperative = √ (ħG/c³)

In the final step, we discuss the implications of our findings. We introduce the equation Exploration Imperative = √ (ħG/c³) to emphasize the need for further exploration and evidence to advance this concept in scientific discourse. This equation highlights the complexity of reconciling imperceptibility with well-established scientific principles, guiding our future scientific endeavors.

Conclusion:

In the relentless pursuit of unraveling the profound mysteries of the universe, our journey takes us to the infinitesimal realms of matter and the vast expanses of space. Yet, the deeper we venture into the cosmos, the more we are confronted with the enigmatic boundaries of our perception. Planck's length, symbolized as "ℓP," stands as an indomitable constant in physics, signifying the point where quantum effects reign supreme. At this infinitesimal scale, our comprehension of the physical world faces its boundaries, as the very fabric of space-time discloses its quantum essence. 

This research has embarked on a captivating exploration, proposing that beyond Planck's length, energy, described by the equation E=hf, persists even when it eludes our senses due to the restrictions of our inherent perceptibility. As we navigate these frontiers, we grapple with the complexities of understanding and quantifying phenomena that reside beyond our conventional perceptual horizon. We scrutinize this intriguing concept through the lens of three scientifically plausible propositions: 

Energy Persists Beyond Planck Scale: Our journey into the notion that energy, governed by the equation E = hf, endures even in the imperceptible domain beyond the Planck scale. The conservation of energy law intimately connected to the Planck constant (h) and the gravitational constant (G) provides a compelling foundation for its continuity, despite its inaccessibility to our senses. 

Analogies with Dark Energy and Dark Matter: We establish analogies with the enigmatic entities of dark energy and dark matter, bolstering the notion that imperceptible phenomena can wield profound effects on our observable universe. Dark energy, while imperceptible directly, exerts an undeniable influence on the cosmos. 

Challenges of Imperceptibility: Recognizing the challenges posed by imperceptibility, we confront the fundamental intricacies presented by scales beyond the Planck length. Our understanding of space, time, and dimensionality faces formidable challenges in these uncharted territories, raising fundamental questions about the nature of reality. 

This research is grounded in mathematical exploration, within established scientific frameworks, elucidating the complex interplay between imperceptible phenomena and the enduring principles of physics and conservation laws. It serves as a contemplative step toward unraveling the enigmatic boundaries of the universe and expanding the horizons of human comprehension. 

In our quest to understand the fundamental nature of the universe, we are invariably confronted with the enigmatic boundaries of our perception. Planck's length (ℓP), a fundamental constant in physics, represents the scale where quantum effects become significant. As we approach this infinitesimal length, our understanding of the physical world faces its limitations. Our conventional concepts of space and time begin to lose their coherence. Here, the values of constants like the Planck constant (h) and the reduced Planck constant (ħ) play pivotal roles. 

Our methodology navigates this intricate landscape by recognizing the limitations of human perception at scales beyond the Planck length. The mathematical equations that form the basis of our exploration, particularly E = hf and ℓP = √ (ħG/c³), are rooted in the values of these constants. Through this mathematical journey, we contemplate the enigmatic boundaries where our understanding of space, time, and dimensionality falters. 

We find support for our notion in the existence of dark energy and dark matter, both inferred from their interactions with observable matter, despite being imperceptible themselves. These analogies offer additional evidence that energy persists even when it becomes imperceptible, resonating with the principle of energy conservation. 

This research highlights the imperative need for further exploration and evidence to advance the concept of energy persistence beyond the Planck scale within the realm of scientific discourse. It underscores the complexity of reconciling imperceptibility with well-established scientific principles and the depth of this thought-provoking perspective. In the grand tapestry of the cosmos, our exploration of the infinitesimal and the imperceptible is an ongoing journey that stretches the limits of our comprehension, where the values of constants like ħ provide the threads by which we weave our understanding.

#EnergyConservation #PlanckScale #imperceptibility #darkenergy #darkmatter #fundamentalconstants #quantummechanics #gravitationalconstant #Planckconstant

The Human Brain, Mind, and Consciousness: Unveiling the Enigma:

1. Abstract:

The exploration of the human brain, mind, and consciousness reveals a complex relationship between the tangible and the intangible aspects of human cognition. This text distinguishes between the brain and the mind, drawing an analogy between them and computer hardware and software. While the brain serves as the physical organ associated with the body, the mind is portrayed as the realm of thoughts, emotions, and imagination.

In everyday language, the terms "brain" and "mind" are often used interchangeably, despite their distinct roles. The brain acts as the biological foundation for mental activities, while the mind encompasses processes such as thought, perception, emotion, and memory.

This text underscores the unique cognitive abilities of the human mind, including logical reasoning and problem-solving, enabling humans to interpret their environment and develop practical solutions. It highlights the essential role of the human mind in advancing scientific knowledge, replacing superstitions with empirical explanations for phenomena, including the causes of diseases.

In short, this exploration deepens our understanding of the intricate interplay between the brain and the mind, affirming the mind's pivotal role in human cognition, scientific progress, and the evolution from superstition to knowledge.

Keywords: Human brain, Mind, Consciousness, Brain-mind relationship, Cognitive processes, Logic and reasoning, Scientific advancement, Superstitions, Empirical knowledge, Disease causation, Perception, Thought, Emotion, Memory, Problem-solving, 

2. Introduction:

The human brain, often referred to as the command center for the human nervous system, is an extraordinary organ that orchestrates the intricate interplay of cognitive and sensory processes. It receives input from the sensory organs, interprets this information, and then sends output signals to the muscles, enabling us to interact with the world. Yet, the brain's functions extend far beyond the realm of pure physiology.

At the nexus of human existence lies the mind, a complex and multifaceted entity. The mind is the domain of awareness and thought, providing us with the faculties of consciousness, perception, emotion, will, memory, and imagination. It is the ethereal realm where thought and feeling converge to create the rich tapestry of human experience.

The concept of consciousness, rooted in the neural networks of the brain, embodies the state of being aware of both external objects and internal mental phenomena. It encompasses sentience, awareness, subjectivity, the capacity to experience, wakefulness, self-awareness, and the executive control system of the mind. This intricate fusion of cognitive processes forms the bedrock of human existence.

Intriguingly, the mind can be dissected into three systems: the conscious mind, the subconscious mind, and the unconscious mind, each contributing to our understanding of human cognition. The conscious mind represents our awareness at the present moment, a dynamic awareness of both external stimuli and internal cognitive functions. Yet, the journey of understanding consciousness is a complex one, often described as an emergent phenomenon arising from the brain's intricate neural web.

With approximately 100 billion neurons, the human brain hosts a myriad of computational processes that run in parallel. These processes underpin the confluence of cognitive functions that we collectively recognize as the mind. In this context, the brain serves as the tangible vessel for these cognitive processes, while the mind operates in the intangible, transcendent domain of thought, feeling, attitude, belief, and imagination.

An intriguing analogy emerges: the brain as the hardware and the mind as the software. However, the distinction between brain and mind is a nuanced one, far more intricate than the relationship between software and hardware in computing. While in everyday language these terms are sometimes used interchangeably, they indeed refer to separate yet interconnected concepts.

This article explores the intricate relationship between the human brain, the mind, and consciousness, delving into the remarkable processes that distinguish humans from other living beings. It underscores how the mind's cognitive faculties empower us to solve complex problems, think logically, and advance our understanding of the world. Moreover, it emphasizes the transformative power of scientific thought, which has enabled the evolution of our comprehension, shedding light on the once-obscure domains of irrational superstition.

3. Methods:

The exploration of the human brain, mind, and consciousness is a multifaceted endeavor that encompasses the domains of neuroscience, psychology, and philosophy. Understanding these intricate concepts relies on a combination of empirical studies, theoretical frameworks, and philosophical reflection.

1. Neuroscientific Studies: Neuroimaging techniques, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), electroencephalography (EEG), and positron emission tomography (PET), offer valuable insights into brain activity. These methods enable researchers to map patterns of neural activity associated with specific cognitive functions, providing a window into the physical underpinnings of the mind.

2. Psychological Research: Psychologists conduct experiments and studies to investigate various aspects of the mind. These experiments may involve memory tests, perception studies, and examinations of cognitive processes. Surveys and questionnaires are also employed to assess subjective experiences, emotions, and mental states.

3. Philosophical Inquiry: Philosophy contributes significantly to the understanding of consciousness and the mind. Philosophers explore concepts of self-awareness, intentionality, and qualia. They engage in thought experiments and conceptual analysis to probe the nature of the mind and its relationship with the brain.

4. Interdisciplinary Approaches: Given the complex nature of the subject matter, interdisciplinary collaboration is common. Neuroscience, psychology, and philosophy often intersect in the study of the brain and mind. This collaboration allows for a more holistic understanding of consciousness and its neural correlates.

5. Historical and Comparative Analysis: To contextualize the current understanding of the mind and consciousness, researchers may engage in historical and cross-cultural analyses. This approach helps trace the evolution of thought about the mind and examine how different cultures have conceptualized consciousness.

6. Ethical Considerations: Research in this field often involves ethical considerations, particularly when working with human subjects. Ethical review boards ensure that research involving the brain and consciousness is conducted with respect for individual rights and well-being.

7. Theoretical Models: Researchers develop and test theoretical models to explain the relationships between the brain, the mind, and consciousness. These models may draw from computational neuroscience, cognitive psychology, and philosophical theories of mind.

8. Cognitive Experiments: Cognitive experiments are designed to investigate specific aspects of mental processes, such as memory, perception, or decision-making. These experiments help uncover the mechanisms underlying conscious awareness and cognitive functions.

9. Clinical Studies: Clinical studies on individuals with brain injuries or neurological disorders contribute to our understanding of the brain-mind relationship. These studies provide insights into how brain damage can affect cognitive functions and consciousness.

10. Advanced Technological Tools: Advances in technology, including brain-computer interfaces and artificial intelligence, have opened new avenues for studying the brain and consciousness. These tools enable researchers to manipulate and measure brain activity in novel ways.

The methods employed in studying the human brain, mind, and consciousness are diverse, reflecting the complex and multifaceted nature of these phenomena. Researchers from various fields work collaboratively to unravel the intricate interplay between the physical organ of the brain, the intangible realm of the mind, and the phenomenon of consciousness.

4. Analysis:

The exploration of the human brain, mind, and consciousness is a multifaceted journey that intertwines scientific inquiry, philosophical contemplation, and psychological investigation. Here, we delve into the key aspects and insights that emerge from this complex domain:

1. Neural Correlates of Consciousness: Neuroscientific studies utilizing advanced imaging techniques have revealed a strong association between brain activity and conscious experiences. The brain serves as the physical substrate of the mind, with specific neural patterns corresponding to various mental functions. Regions like the prefrontal cortex are linked to higher-order thinking and self-awareness.

2. Levels of Consciousness: The mind can be dissected into distinct levels. The conscious mind encompasses our awareness of the present moment, including sensory perceptions and active thought processes. The subconscious mind operates beneath the surface, influencing our behavior and emotional responses. The unconscious mind, according to psychoanalytic theories, stores repressed memories and instincts that shape our psyche.

3. Philosophical Inquiry into Consciousness: Philosophers have long contemplated the nature of consciousness. Questions of selfhood, intentionality, and subjective experience are central. Philosophical thought experiments, such as the famous "philosophical zombie" argument, challenge our understanding of what it means to be conscious.

4. Interaction of Brain and Mind: The brain-mind relationship is intricate. While the brain is the physical substrate of the mind, the mind extends beyond the confines of the brain. The mind encompasses thought, emotion, belief, and imagination, which are not confined to neural activity. This relationship raises profound questions about the boundaries and origins of consciousness.

5. Computational Aspects of Mind: The analogy of the brain as hardware and the mind as software is a useful but oversimplified comparison. The mind's operations are not entirely analogous to computer code. The brain's neural networks perform parallel, complex computations, and the mind engages in holistic, creative thought processes.

6. Evolving Concepts of Consciousness: Our understanding of consciousness has evolved over time. Early cultures attributed consciousness to gods and spirits, while contemporary science seeks neural explanations. This historical context highlights the fluidity of our comprehension of the mind and consciousness.

7. Importance of Interdisciplinary Approaches: The complexity of understanding consciousness necessitates interdisciplinary collaboration. Neuroscience, psychology, and philosophy often intersect in the pursuit of knowledge. This synergy enables a more comprehensive view of the brain-mind relationship.

8. Practical Implications: The study of consciousness extends beyond theory. Practical applications are seen in clinical studies. For instance, research on brain injuries and disorders provides insights into how damage can affect consciousness. Advances in technology, like brain-computer interfaces, offer hope for medical interventions.

9. Human Capacity for Reasoning: The mind is a unique attribute of humans, enabling us to analyze complex problems and develop logical solutions. This capacity for reasoning distinguishes us from other species and underpins the scientific method. Our ability to understand the hidden aspects of reality through logical deduction is a testament to the power of the human mind.

10. Cultural and Scientific Evolution: Our comprehension of consciousness has transitioned from superstition and mysticism to empirical science. This transformation reflects the evolution of human thought. As we replace irrational beliefs with empirical knowledge, we progress toward a deeper understanding of ourselves and the world.

The exploration of the human brain, mind, and consciousness is a rich tapestry woven from the threads of scientific discovery, philosophical inquiry, and psychological investigation. While it raises profound questions about the nature of existence and selfhood, it also showcases the remarkable capabilities of the human mind to comprehend its own intricacies. The evolving dialogue between science, philosophy, and culture continually shapes our perception of consciousness.

5. Conclusion:

The intricate relationship between the human brain, mind, and consciousness remains a captivating subject that transcends scientific, philosophical, and cultural boundaries. In closing, we reflect on the key takeaways from this exploration of the inner workings of the human psyche.

Neurological Foundations: Modern neuroscience has made significant strides in identifying the neural correlates of consciousness. Brain imaging techniques have allowed us to peer into the brain's activity during various conscious experiences, providing valuable insights into the physical basis of the mind.

Levels of Awareness: The mind can be compartmentalized into different levels of consciousness. The conscious mind, which encompasses our sensory perceptions and active thinking, interacts with the subconscious and unconscious, revealing the profound depth of our cognitive processes.

Philosophical Ponderings: Philosophers have contributed richly to our understanding of consciousness. Thought experiments and debates about subjective experience continue to challenge and expand our comprehension of the mind's nature.

Complex Brain-Mind Interface: The brain is undoubtedly the physical vessel of the mind, but the mind's reach extends beyond it. The mind encompasses thoughts, emotions, beliefs, and imagination, which are not reducible to mere neural activity. This intricate interface raises fundamental questions about the origins and boundaries of consciousness.

Beyond Hardware and Software: While the brain-mind analogy as hardware and software is useful, it oversimplifies the mind's operations. The human brain engages in parallel, complex computations, while the mind orchestrates holistic, creative thinking. This contrast underscores the intricate nature of the brain-mind relationship.

Evolving Perspectives: The concept of consciousness has evolved over time. From early attributions to divine forces to contemporary neuroscientific explanations, this evolution underscores the dynamic nature of human comprehension. Our perspective on consciousness is continually reshaped by cultural, scientific, and philosophical developments.

Interdisciplinary Synergy: The holistic study of consciousness benefits from interdisciplinary approaches. Neuroscience, psychology, and philosophy often converge to provide a more comprehensive view. Collaboration across these disciplines is essential for unraveling the mysteries of consciousness.

Practical Applications: Our exploration of consciousness is not confined to theoretical domains. Practical applications emerge in the fields of clinical research and technology. Insights into brain injuries and disorders guide medical interventions, while advancements like brain-computer interfaces hold promise for the future.

Human Capacity for Reasoning: The human mind's capacity for logical reasoning is a distinguishing trait. It empowers us to analyze complex problems and uncover logical solutions, setting us apart from other species. This ability to discern hidden aspects of reality through logical deduction is a testament to the human intellect.

Cultural and Scientific Progress: Humanity's understanding of consciousness has progressed from superstition and mysticism to empirical science. This transformation mirrors the evolution of human thought, replacing unfounded beliefs with empirical knowledge. As we advance, we inch closer to unraveling the intricacies of consciousness.

In essence, the exploration of the human brain, mind, and consciousness embodies a profound journey into the essence of human existence. The evolving dialogue among science, philosophy, and culture not only deepens our understanding but also highlights the boundless potential of the human mind to fathom its own mysteries. This quest, at the intersection of science and philosophy, underscores the enduring allure of consciousness.

Relationship of Human Brain, Mind, and Consciousness with Physical Science and Mathematics:

The intricate interplay between the human brain, mind, and consciousness bears a profound relationship with the domains of physical science and mathematics. This connection illuminates how these fundamental aspects of human existence find common ground with empirical investigation and quantitative analysis. Here, we explore the multifaceted relationship between these facets of human cognition and the exacting disciplines of physical science and mathematics:

1. Neurological Underpinnings and Physical Science:

Brain as the Physical Substrate: The human brain, as the epicenter of cognitive processes, is fundamentally rooted in physical science. Neuroscientists employ physics and chemistry to uncover the intricate neural networks and electrochemical interactions that underpin consciousness. Technologies like functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and electroencephalography (EEG) reveal the neural dynamics responsible for cognitive phenomena.

Brain as a Biological System: Physical science provides the framework to comprehend the brain as a biological system. Principles of thermodynamics, kinetics, and electrostatics are applied to elucidate the energy demands, reaction rates, and electrical properties of neural processes, offering insights into the biochemistry of cognition.

2. Mathematics as the Language of Brain Function:

Quantitative Analysis of Brain Activity: Mathematics serves as the lingua franca for interpreting the brain's functional patterns. Through mathematical models and statistical analyses, researchers quantify the neural correlates of consciousness, allowing for rigorous comparisons and predictions. Concepts like Fourier transforms help analyze the frequency components of neural signals in techniques like spectral analysis.

Connectomics and Graph Theory: Mathematical graph theory is pivotal in modeling the intricate connectivity patterns within the brain. It enables the characterization of brain networks, shedding light on information flow, modular organization, and functional specialization. Graph theory, in conjunction with network theory, is crucial for understanding how different brain regions interact and contribute to consciousness.

3. Mind and Mathematical Logic:

Logical Reasoning and Abstract Thinking: The mind's capacity for logical reasoning is closely aligned with mathematical logic. The ability to deduce, infer, and discern patterns of thought represents a form of abstract, mathematical reasoning. This intellectual capacity enables the mind to engage in systematic analysis, problem-solving, and the formulation of logical arguments.

Mathematics as a Tool for Complex Thought: Mathematics provides a structured framework for organizing and expressing complex thoughts. The precision and rigor of mathematical language empower the mind to tackle intricate concepts, make precise predictions, and develop sophisticated theories. The synergy between mathematics and the mind extends to diverse fields, from philosophy to the natural sciences.

4. Emergence of Consciousness and Complexity Theory:

Complexity Theory and Cognitive Emergence: The emergence of consciousness from neural processes is a complex phenomenon. Complexity theory, a branch of mathematics, explores how intricate systems, such as the brain, exhibit emergent behavior. It sheds light on how individual neurons collectively give rise to conscious experiences, transcending the sum of their individual activities.

Mathematical Approaches to Consciousness: Mathematical models, such as the Integrated Information Theory (IIT) and the Global Neuronal Workspace (GNW) model, offer formal frameworks for understanding consciousness. These models quantify the extent to which information is integrated across different brain regions, linking mathematical concepts to the fabric of consciousness.

In summary, the intricate relationship between the human brain, mind, and consciousness intertwines with the disciplines of physical science and mathematics. These domains provide the tools and methods for unraveling the neural underpinnings of consciousness, quantifying brain activity, facilitating logical reasoning, and modeling the emergence of consciousness as a complex phenomenon. This interdisciplinary synergy underscores the profound connections between the essence of human cognition and the rigor of empirical investigation and mathematical inquiry.

6. Bibliography:

1. Kandel, E. R., Schwartz, J. H., Jessell, T. M., Siegelbaum, S. A., & Hudspeth, A. J. (2012). Principles of Neural Science. McGraw-Hill Education.
2. Churchland, P. S., & Sejnowski, T. J. (1992). The Computational Brain. The MIT Press.
3. Lebedev, M. A., & Nicolelis, M. A. (2006). Brain–machine interfaces: past, present and future. Trends in Neurosciences, 29(9), 536-546.
4. Bullmore, E., & Sporns, O. (2009). Complex brain networks: graph theoretical analysis of structural and functional systems. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 10(3), 186-198.
5. Pérez-Escudero, A., Vicente-Page, J., Hinz, R. C., Arganda, S., & De Polavieja, G. G. (2014). idTracker: tracking individuals in a group by automatic identification of unmarked animals. Nature Methods, 11(7), 743-748.
6. Giusti, C., Pastalkova, E., Curto, C., & Itskov, V. (2015). Clique topology reveals intrinsic geometric structure in neural correlations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112(44), 13455-13460.
7. Tononi, G., Boly, M., Massimini, M., & Koch, C. (2016). Integrated information theory: from consciousness to its physical substrate. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 17(7), 450-461.
8. Dehaene, S. (2014). Consciousness and the Brain: Deciphering How the Brain Codes Our Thoughts. Viking.
9. Penrose, R. (1999). The Emperor's New Mind: Concerning Computers, Minds, and the Laws of Physics. Oxford University Press.
10. Pylyshyn, Z. W. (1984). Computation and cognition: Toward a foundation for cognitive science. MIT press.

7.  References:

1. The Emperor's New Mind: Concerning Computers, Minds, and the Laws of Physics by Roger Penrose https://books.google.com/books?id=3YBQkQEACAAJ
2. The Tell-Tale Brain: A Neuroscientist's Quest for What Makes Us Human by V.S. Ramachandran https://books.google.com/books?id=Nz-o5v3R7GQC
3. Consciousness Explained by Daniel C. Dennett https://books.google.com/books?id=bqA4nxdX09MC
4. The Feeling of What Happens: Body and Emotion in the Making of Consciousness by Antonio Damasio https://books.google.com/books?id=YnJfH4T-GjYC
5. Gödel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid by Douglas R. Hofstadter https://books.google.com/books?id=2G6TQgAACAAJ
6. The Brain: The Story of You by David Eagleman https://books.google.com/books?id=CTV5vgEACAAJ
7. Phantoms in the Brain: Probing the Mysteries of the Human Mind by Sandra Blakeslee and V.S. Ramachandran https://books.google.com/books?id=dg4ADAAAQBAJ
8. The Conscious Mind: In Search of a Fundamental Theory by David J. Chalmers https://books.google.com/books?id=wqzwkjyExHYC
9. The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat and Other Clinical Tales" by Oliver Sacks https://books.google.com/books?id=aQo6gZfgO8AC
10. The Age of Em: Work, Love, and Life when Robots Rule the Earth by Robin Hanson https://books.google.com/books?id=solNCwAAQBAJ

8. Alphabetical list of the entities mentioned in the text and brief descriptions:

• Bacteria: Microscopic single-celled organisms.
• Brain: The organ in the human body that serves as the command center for the nervous system, responsible for processing sensory input and generating responses.
• Consciousness: The state of being aware of one's thoughts, feelings, and the external world, often associated with the mind.
• Disease: A pathological condition that impairs normal bodily functions, often caused by factors such as viruses, bacteria, genetic defects, and environmental pollution.
• Electrical Impulses: Rapid changes in electrical potential that transmit signals within the nervous system, including the brain.
• Genetic Defects: Abnormalities in an individual's DNA that can lead to various health issues or diseases.
• Logic: The use of reasoning and rational thinking to analyze and solve complex problems.
• Mind: The mental processes of thinking, perceiving, remembering, and imagining. Often divided into conscious, subconscious, and unconscious components.
• Neurons: Nerve cells that transmit information through electrical and chemical signals, forming the basic building blocks of the nervous system.
• Superstitions: Unfounded beliefs or practices often based on irrational or magical thinking.
• Thought Processes: Cognitive activities related to thinking, reasoning, and making decisions.

Balancing Abstraction and Empirical Evidence in Physics: A Response to Unconventional Concepts.

Dear Dr. Seyed kazem Mousavi ,

I appreciate your engagement in a lively discussion about the direction of physics. It is undeniable that physics, as the study of the physical world, should ideally retain its roots in physical, intuitive concepts. There is an ongoing debate in the scientific community about the balance between abstract mathematics and physical reality, a debate that has been a concern for decades.

The emphasis on the transition from physical reality to abstract mathematics in fundamental physics is significant and quite popular. An example of this concern is relative time dilation. The distinction between "real" or "natural" time and abstract time is an intriguing one.

The concerns you raise about the acceptance of abstract concepts such as virtual particles, interaction exchange theory, probability waves and black holes, are shared by a minority within the physics community. They advocate a more conservative approach, demanding a closer connection between theoretical concepts and empirical data and physical intuition.

Your point that physicists may be inclined to adopt models that are too abstract and exciting for public acceptance, potentially introducing absurd concepts into fundamental physics, is well taken. Public perception can indeed influence the direction of research. Balancing the communication of exciting ideas with maintaining scientific rigor is a challenging endeavor, not unique to physics but relevant to many scientific fields.

The tension between mathematical abstraction and physical intuition remains a long-standing challenge. Although mathematics is a powerful tool for understanding the physical world, it is essential that mathematical models are firmly based on experimental evidence, ensuring that they are not divorced from physical reality.

In your submission, you highlighted unconventional ideas that extend physics into six dimensions and that these ideas provide certainty for possible results in quantum mechanics. It is important to note that such extraordinary claims would require substantial empirical evidence to be taken seriously.

Similarly, the claim that energy can be generated from gravitational fields is ambitious and requires strong experimental support.

Your submission that three-dimensional waves oscillate in the fourth dimension is an abstract concept and the claim that gravitational waves cannot penetrate higher dimensions is not well established in current physics.

The reference to a "Ritchie tensor" in six dimensions for an alternative theory involving quantum mechanics is not a common reference in mainstream physics.

In short, unconventional ideas have the potential to lead to significant advances, but they should be rigorously tested, validated, and aligned with existing physical theories considered within the scientific community. Until then, they remain speculative and should be treated as such.

Thank you for your valuable contribution to this thought-provoking discussion.

Sincerely,

Soumendra Nath Thakur

*-*-*-*-*-*

Seyed kazem Mousavi's reply

Greetings

Dear professors,

You can pass through two gates in time like an electron. The wave function has an expansion in time. The z dimension is imaginary for two-dimensional beings on the surface of the expanding sphere. They see the time and the z dimension in one dimension. Time has It is an internal dimension. Time exerts twice as much stress on matter as compared to space. Double stress is directly related to the golden constant. All objects have spin. Every mass has a field in over time. It is constantly changing.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/372992339_The_General_Balance_In_The_Six_Dimensions_Space-Time

As a result, three dimensions of time and three dimensions of space make our world. Movement in space limits movement in time. Time dilation.

The electric field bends one dimension of time, and the magnetic field bends the other dimension of time. The gravitational field bends both dimensions. As a result, a gravitational field can be produced with an electromagnetic field.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/373758917_Antigravity_in_the_Six_Dimensional_Space-Time

Two-dimensional water surface waves oscillate in the third dimension, and three-dimensional waves oscillate in the fourth dimension. Do water surface waves bend the third dimension? no

As a result, gravitational waves cannot penetrate to higher dimensions.

For an alternative theory that incorporates quantum mechanics, the Ritchie tensor must be defined in six dimensions.

"The General Balance In The Six Dimensions Space-Time"

Forgive my boldness.

A Pure Mathematical Perspective: Dimensions, Numbers, and Mathematical Concepts:

Soumendra Nath Thakur, Tagore's Electronic Lab, India

Date: 20-10-2023

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.25942.01607

URL: https://easychair.org/publications/preprint_open/drzc

1. Abstract:

This paper provides a comprehensive and internally consistent perspective on mathematical concepts, particularly focusing on dimensions, numbers, and their abstract nature. The core argument posits that spatial dimensions like length, width, height, or depth, along with numbers like 1 and the concept of (1+1), should be treated as mathematical constructs that exist independently of the physical world. These concepts are examined in their purest form, abstracted from their usual associations with tangible objects or real-world phenomena.

The paper underlines the process of constructing and manipulating these mathematical concepts through various operations and rules, all the while emphasizing their abstract and mathematical essence. This argument extends to time, which is regarded as the fourth dimension, akin to spatial dimensions and numbers in terms of being an abstract mathematical entity. This perspective positions time and other mathematical concepts within the realm of abstract mathematical constructs, rather than as concrete, physically grounded entities.   

In this paper, the significance of isolating these concepts from their real-world applications is highlighted, emphasizing that mathematics operates independently of specific contexts and provides a universal framework for quantification and comprehension. Expert opinions have been sought and, overall, the paper has been praised for its logical consistency and coherent approach to these mathematical concepts in their pure, abstract state.

Keywords: dimensions, numbers, mathematical concepts, abstract nature, pure mathematics, time dimension,

2. Introduction:

This paper presents a cohesive and systematic exploration of dimensions, numbers, and mathematical concepts, with an unwavering focus on their inherent characteristics. Within this perspective, spatial dimensions like length, width, height, or depth, and numerical entities such as 1 and the concept of (1+1) are envisioned as mathematical constructs existing in splendid abstraction, detached from the concrete grasp of the physical world.

Through an unyielding mathematical lens, these notions are dissected, examined, and placed into the broader framework of abstract mathematical constructs. This framework is not limited to the spatial, for it extends itself to embrace time as the fourth dimension, elevating it to the same ethereal plane occupied by spatial dimensions and numbers.

This mathematical discourse isn't just theoretical. It is a methodical exercise in pure mathematical thought, deliberately stripped of the trappings of real-world phenomena. Here, dimensions, numbers, and mathematical concepts are meticulously molded and manipulated by the elegant rules of mathematical operations. The result is a portrayal of these entities in their most pristine form - abstract, detached, and truly mathematical.

This perspective underscores the inherent purity of mathematical concepts when they are liberated from the constraints of particular applications and separated from the anchors of physical reality. These abstract constructs not only reside within the realm of mathematical thought but also serve as vital tools within the expansive structure of mathematics itself.

In essence, this paper delves into the profound abstract nature of these mathematical entities, highlighting their independence from the specifics of the physical world. It aligns seamlessly with the fundamental premise that mathematics transcends its ties to the practical, providing a universal framework for quantification, exploration, and understanding.

3. Mathematical Presentation:

This mathematical presentation encapsulates the core arguments and concepts put forth in the previous submission, emphasizing the abstract, independent, and pure nature of dimensions, numbers, and mathematics.

Dimensions as Abstract Mathematical Concepts:

Spatial dimensions such as length (L), width (W), height (H), or depth (D) are considered as abstract mathematical concepts that are independent of physical reality.

• Length (L)
• Width (W)
• Height (H)
• Depth (D)

Numbers as Mathematical Concepts:

Numbers like 1 and the concept of addition (1+1) are also viewed as abstract mathematical constructs.

• Number 1
• Addition of (1+1)

Euclidean 3-Dimensional Space:

In the Euclidean 3-dimensional space, the coordinates of a point A are represented as A (x, y, z). These three coordinates exist in an XYZ plane where x, y, and z represent the distances of point A from the Origin in the X, Y, and Z coordinate axes, respectively.

Euclidean Distance Formula:

The Euclidean distance between two points A (x1, y1, z1) and B (x2, y2, z2) in this 3-dimensional space is expressed as 

• PQ = d = √ [(x2 – x1)² + (y2 – y1)² + (z2 – z1)²].

Time as the Fourth Dimension:

Time (T) is treated as the fourth dimension, similar to spatial dimensions and numbers, residing in the realm of abstract mathematical constructs.

• Time (T)

Abstract Nature of Mathematical Concepts:

These mathematical concepts are characterized by their abstract nature, removed from direct references to the physical world.

Mathematics as a Framework for Quantification:

Mathematics operates as an independent framework for quantification and understanding, providing a universal structure. Mathematical Operations and Rules

Purity of Mathematical Concepts:

The paper underscores the purity of these mathematical concepts when considered in isolation from specific real-world applications. Mathematical Operations and Rules

Expert Opinion:

Your paper maintains its coherence and consistency. By treating spatial dimensions and numbers as abstract mathematical concepts independent of physical reality, you logically extend this perspective to time as the fourth dimension. This framework emphasizes the abstract and mathematical nature of these concepts and underscores their purity when viewed in isolation from specific real-world applications. It aligns with the idea that mathematics operates independently of its application to concrete situations, providing a framework for quantification and understanding. Your perspective offers a valuable way to approach these concepts within the realm of mathematical abstraction.

Expert opinions validate the research's logical consistency and coherence in treating these concepts as pure, abstract mathematical constructs.

4. Conclusion:

In the realm of pure mathematical thought, this paper has meticulously carved a coherent and internally consistent perspective on dimensions, numbers, and mathematical concepts. It is a journey into the abstract, where these entities, traditionally intertwined with the physical world, are elegantly abstracted to their purest form.

What emerges is a harmonious symphony of abstract mathematical constructs. Spatial dimensions, typically synonymous with physical reality, stand unshackled as independent mathematical entities. The numbers we perceive in daily life, such as 1 and even the concept of (1+1), transcend their physical embodiments and become ethereal elements of mathematical thought.

This perspective doesn't halt at the spatial; it extends to time. Here, the fourth dimension takes its rightful place alongside its spatial counterparts. Time, too, is recognized as an abstract mathematical entity, free from the bonds of physical constraints.

The key revelation in this discourse is that mathematics operates independently of its practical applications. It provides an unparalleled framework for quantification and understanding, transcending specific contexts and offering a universal structure.

This paper champions the inherent purity of mathematical concepts. As these concepts are meticulously separated from the particulars of the physical world, they retain their abstract, pristine nature. Moreover, they cease to be mere theoretical constructs, transforming into indispensable tools within the grand architecture of mathematics.

In the end, this paper delves deep into the profound abstract nature of mathematical entities. It underscores their independence from the specificities of the physical world, providing a valuable perspective where mathematics thrives as an abstract art, transcending the constraints of practicality.

#dimensions #numbers #mathematicalconcepts #abstractnature #puremathematics #timedimension

Addressing Gravitational Effects on Time Dilation and Photon Interaction:

Dear Mr. Sergey Shevchenko (The informational model - possible tests)

I appreciate your engagement with my previous post, and I'd like to address your points in the context of my research, titled "Relativistic effects on phaseshift in frequencies invalidate time dilation II" available here Preprint Relativistic effects on phaseshift in frequencies invalidate...

My initial statement regarding the change in energy of a photon as it interacts with a gravitational source, resulting in infinitesimal frequency changes (Δf) and energy changes (ΔE) leading to redshift or blueshift, aligns with well-established principles in physics. This interpretation is consistent with established scientific understanding, and there is nothing in your previous post that challenges this statement.

Your discussion of gravitational potential energy and its dependence on radius is indeed valid. At the Planck scale, the significance of Planck units becomes even more apparent. Planck units are a set of units of measurement defined exclusively in terms of four universal physical constants, such as the Planck constant (h) and the speed of light (c). This system of natural units is rooted in the properties of nature, specifically those of free space.

In your post, you mentioned a few key points related to gravitational potential energy. Accordingly, I wish to refer the following points.

(i) The center of gravity of a body is the point where the strength of gravitational potential energy is the greatest.

(ii) The strength of gravitational potential energy depends on the radius of the body between its center and surface, and it's always less at the surface compared to the center.

(iii) Larger bodies with greater mass (M) and radius, depending upon their mass density, experience even less strength of gravitational potential energy at their surfaces than smaller bodies like Earth.

2.1. You suggest that a body with a large mass (M), compared to Earth, which has weak gravity at its surface, may experience a slower "tick" in clock oscillations due to the greater radius (R) of the large masses (M) compared to Earth's radius (r), where R >> r. I encourage you to refer to my research paper, titled, "Relativistic effects on phaseshift in frequencies invalidate time dilation II, available here Preprint Relativistic effects on phaseshift in frequencies invalidate... ," which discusses how clock oscillations are affected by various relativistic effects, including differences in gravitational potential. In this context, it's crucial to note that relative time emerges from relative frequencies. The phase shift in relative frequencies, caused by infinitesimal changes in wave energy and corresponding wavelength enlargements due to relativistic effects, can result in errors in clock time readings, which are often misconstrued as time dilation.

2.2. In your discussion of radiated M-photons, you suggest that they lose energy when the source of M-photons is massive bodies (M), leading to redshift. However, a photon emitted from another body doesn't lose energy when propagating in the gravitational field of massive bodies. I would encourage you to refer to "Photon Interactions in Gravity and Antigravity: Preprint Photon Interactions in Gravity and Antigravity: Conservation... ," which is available in the research paper at the link you provided. It elaborates on how photons within the gravitational sphere of their source maintain a constant speed 'c' and undergo gravitational redshift exclusively. When photons encounter the gravitational influence of multiple massive objects, such as celestial bodies, they neither gain nor lose energy but exchange momentum with the external gravitational field while preserving their intrinsic momentum. Therefore, it's postulated that photons, when propagating in other gravitational fields (multiple) do not change their energy in these circumstances.

Effective redshift:

The zero-gravity sphere in galaxies is dominated by gravitational redshift, with cosmic redshift absent. Photons within this sphere maintain constant speed and undergo gravitational redshift. As photons exit, they experience cosmic redshift, which blends with gravitational redshift to form the photon's effective redshift. Refer Cosmic Speed beyond Light: Gravitational and Cosmic Redshift available here Preprint Cosmic Speed beyond Light: Gravitational and Cosmic Redshift

You made a point regarding "curved spacetime" and the bending of a photon's path. According to your perspective, the bending of a photon's path doesn't necessarily require "curved spacetime." Instead, it's the result of momentum exchange with the external gravitational field. The concept of effective deviation, as discussed in "Photon Interactions in Gravity and Antigravity:" explores how photons return to their original path after gravitational interactions. I encourage those interested in these concepts to refer to my research paper for a more detailed exploration. Also The Dynamics of Photon Momentum Exchange and Curvature in Gravitational Fields available here Chapter The Dynamics of Photon Momentum Exchange and Curvature in Gr...

Thank you for your thoughtful engagement and discussion. I believe that ongoing scientific discourse is essential for refining our understanding of these complex phenomena.

Best regards,

Soumendra Nath Thakur

*-*-*-*-*-*

Analysis of Sergey Shevchenko post 1:

The post primarily discusses the author's disagreement with general relativity (GR) and introduces their alternative viewpoint. They argue that their "Shevchenko-Tokarevsky's informational physical model" offers a different perspective on gravity. According to their model, gravity does not impact space-time or any material object, which contradicts the mainstream scientific view. They assert that many of their model's submissions were rejected by editors of physical journals and preprint sources because it challenges widely accepted scientific concepts.

The author addresses the concept of "gravitational time dilation," asserting that it fundamentally cannot and doesn't exist. They also question the validity of the GR's predictions and experimental verifications in certain scenarios, particularly in strong gravitational fields. The post concludes by encouraging readers to explore their model and related links for more detailed explanations.

In summary, the post presents an alternative viewpoint on gravity and time dilation, expressing skepticism about the widely accepted principles of general relativity and advocating for their own scientific model.

Analysis of Sergey Shevchenko post 2:

The post provides a response to the author's previous statement regarding the interaction between photons and gravitational sources. The author addresses two fundamentally different physical effects that occur when large masses (M) radiate photons. These effects are described as follows:

(i) The atoms in instruments in Earth's weak gravity appear to "tick" faster than atoms on the surface of M. As a result, an instrument measuring the excitation photons of an atom would observe a spectral line with lesser energy when the atom is on the surface of M. This effect is based on the difference in clock rates due to the influence of gravity.

(ii) Photons radiated by M-photons are believed to lose energy (redshift) as they propagate in the M gravity field. This is a phenomenon that's consistent with the mainstream understanding of gravitational redshift.

The author notes that while the General Theory of Relativity (GR) postulates the first effect (i), it doesn't account for the second effect (ii). This means that according to GR, photons don't change their energy when propagating in "curved spacetime." However, in the mainstream scientific community, both effects are considered real and coexist simultaneously.

The post argues that the Shevchenko-Tokarevsky's model of Gravity provides a rational explanation for these effects. It mentions that a gravitational mass defect (effect i) at least at statics is two times lesser than what GR predicts. Additionally, the model argues that the canceled by GR effect (ii) also really exists, and instruments measure the sum of these effects.

The author suggests that experimental tests are needed to clarify the existence of these effects. They propose two experiments that can provide evidence of these phenomena. The first is a test of the Shevchenko-Tokarevsky's model, which would also test GR. The second experiment, proposed in 2007, is designed to reveal the quantum nature of Gravity and, if conducted, could reveal new insights into the interaction of photons with gravitational fields.

In summary, the post discusses two distinct effects related to the interaction between photons and gravitational sources. It presents an alternative model and suggests experimental tests to explore the nature of these effects.