Distortion in space-time is not natural:

I have purposefully removed an image of distorted space-time, posted with the article named, "Why do you fall into a black hole and not on it?"

For the reason that I don't find valid scientific reasons, "Why should, either space or time or even space-time, be considered as natural, so that space or time or space-time can be distorted or bent?

Space and time was never ever natural since the beginning.

Space is the mathematical dimensions of height, depth, and width within which all things exist and move, when height, depth, and width are respective concepts of lengths in perpendicular direction to each other. And time emerges from the events, as in concept. There is no natural property either in space or time, as they are abstract mathematical concepts.

Physics is necessarily based on real existence. It is the branch of science that deals with the structure of matter and how the fundamental constituents of the universe interact. Where space and time emerge in concepts from such realistic existence.

However, some useful theories are absurdly based on anti-mathematical rules. When no scientist or physicist can modify fundamental mathematical concepts as per his/her own convenience.

Therefore, distortion in space-time is a baseless proposition and based on anti-mathematical principle. It needs to be modified or discarded. 

#spacetime #distortion #antimathematical

Why do you fall into a black hole and not on it?

Black holes have three layers, the outer event horizon, inner event horizon, and the singularity. The event horizon of a black hole is the boundary around the mouth of the black hole, past which light cannot escape. Once a particle crosses the event horizon, it cannot leave. Gravity is constant across the event horizon. The inner region of a black hole, where the object's mass lies, is known as its singularity, the single point in space-time where the mass of the black hole is concentrated.

The outer event horizon of a black hole acts like a point of no return. So you will fall into a black hole but will have no means to come out of it as soon as you reach the outer event horizon of a black hole, as if you have entered into a strong whirlpool, within water and so you cannot come out but to fall within it. So you fall into a black hole against your wish to come out of it as soon as you reach outer event horizon of a black hole.

#BlackHole

Conversion of universal vibration - vibration and wave their differences.

Vibration and wave their differences 

Anything that moves back and forth, to and fro, side to side, in and out, or up and down is vibrating, a vibration is a periodic jiggles in time. 

Such a periodic jiggles in both space and time is a wave. A wave extends from one place to another.

Universal vibration

Combining Planck's energy frequency equivalence and Einstein's energy-mass equivalence, we get - hf = E = mc^2.

Therefore, hf = mc^2.

This derives the relation between mass and frequency -

m ∝ f 

when h and c are constants. Relativistic mass (m) interacts with gravity as well as electromagnetism.

Accordingly, matter and energy certainly vibrates, whether such vibrations are wave or not.

Note: the strings in the string theories appear to convey the above conclusion.

Conversion of vibrations

Combining Planck's energy frequency equivalence and general equation of wave, we get - E = hf = hc/λ.

Energies in quantum physics are commonly expressed in electron volts (1 eV = 1.6 × 10^−9 J) and wavelengths are typically given in nanometers (1 nm = 10^−9 m).

The Plank's equation is not only applicable to photons, but as we know, it's applicable to all form of waves, as long as there is measurable frequency of a wave or oscillation, it's applicable.

The Planck's equation adequately gives us a better picture of the universe that the existence in the Universe fundamentally consisting of vibrations, and as vibration energy dissipates in transmission due to spatial expansions, gravitational redshift etc. its energy and so frequency too lowers and so converts in other forms.

There are three known types of redshifts, - Doppler redshift, gravitational redshift and cosmological redshift.

The corresponding formulas for this redshift are –

• Z = {λ(obs)-λ(rest)}/λ(rest) ;

• Z = Δλ/λ₀ and also

• Z = Δλ/λ₀,

Where,

• Z denotes the redshift factor which represents the fractional change in wavelength;

• λ(obs) represents the observed wavelength of light;

• λ(rest) represents the rest wavelength of light;

• Δλ is the change in wavelength of light as observed;

• λ₀ is the wavelength at the source

1. Doppler redshift, a phenomenon observed in the context of the Doppler effect. The Doppler effect describes the change in the frequency or wavelength of a wave as a result of the relative motion between the wave source and the observer.

In the context of light, Doppler redshift refers to the observed increase in wavelength (or decrease in frequency) of light from a source moving away from the observer. The formula given above calculates the redshift factor, denoted "Z", which represents the fractional change in wavelength.

In the formula, λ(obs) represents the observed wavelength of light, while λ(rest) represents the remaining wavelength of light, which is the wavelength that would be measured if the source were stationary relative to the observer.

By comparing the observed wavelength with the rest wavelength, the Doppler redshift can be determined, which indicates the relative motion between the source and the observer. A positive value of Z indicates that the source is moving away, causing the observed wavelength to become longer (red-shifted), whereas a negative value of Z indicates motion toward the observer (blue-shifted).

Doppler redshift has important applications in many fields of science, including astronomy, where it is used to study the motion and expansion of celestial objects such as galaxies and large-scale structures in the universe. It provides valuable information about the velocity and distance of these objects based on observed changes in their spectral lines.

2. Gravitational redshift, denoted Z, is a phenomenon predicted by the theory of general relativity. This refers to the change in wavelength (or equivalently, frequency) of light as it travels through a gravitational field, such as near a massive object.

As light travels through a gravitational field, it loses energy in the light, causing it to shift to longer wavelengths (or lower frequencies). The formula given above calculates the redshift factor, denoted "Z", which represents the fractional change in wavelength.

The magnitude of the gravitational redshift depends on the strength of the gravitational field experienced by the light and the proximity of the massive object. The closer the light source is to a massive object, or the stronger the gravitational field it crosses, the greater the redshift observed.

Gravitational redshift has been observed and measured in a variety of contexts, such as in experiments conducted on Earth and through astronomical observations. This provided evidence for the gravitational nature of light and confirmed predictions of gravitational fields.

3. Cosmic redshift (Z) is a phenomenon observed in astronomy in which light emitted from distant celestial objects such as galaxies or quasars is shifted to longer wavelengths (lower frequencies) as it travels through expanding distance. This is the result of the expansion of distance among the objects in the universe.

According to the conventional cosmological model, the Big Bang theory, the universe is constantly expanding. As space expands, it carries light waves with it, causing them to expand and resulting in a red shift. The formula given above calculates the redshift factor, denoted "Z", which represents the fractional change in wavelength.

The magnitude of the cosmic redshift is directly related to the distance between the observer and the light source. The farther away an object is, the more space it has traveled during its journey and the greater the observed cosmic redshift.

Cosmic redshifts have been observed and measured in countless astronomical observations, providing strong evidence for the expansion of the distance within the universe. The redshift of distant galaxies was first observed by Edwin Hubble in the 1920s, leading to the discovery of the expanding distance within the universe and the formulation of Hubble's law, which describes the relationship between the redshift of galaxies and their distance from us.

Cosmological redshift is an essential tool in studying the large-scale structure and evolution of the universe. It allows astronomers to estimate the distances to remote objects, determine the expansion rate of the universe (Hubble constant), and investigate the nature of dark energy, which is believed to be driving the accelerated expansion of the distance within the universe.

Reasons of various redshifts

"The reasons of the red-shifts (z, >1) are actually the results of lowered energy (E) of the waves or, lowered frequency (f) of the waves or increased wavelength (λ) of the waves. The wavelength of the wave vibrations change due to phase shift of the vibration frequencies, and so ultimately the wavelengths shift to the red side in the electromagnetic spectrum depending upon the energy decrease of the wave vibration due to various effects like Doppler, relativistic and, expansion of space. And also, in case of energy increase of the wave, the phase-shift will result shorter wavelengths to shift the wavelength towards the blue side of the electromagnetic spectrum, known as blue shift"

Explanation:

Vibration (frequency) can be two dimensional i.e. up and down in x-y plane and also back and forth in x-z plane, when electromagnetic vibrations occur in both planes simultaneously, so frequencies of these vibrations of both planes are synchronized normally and those phases of vibration waves began from the origin location (0,0,0) normally.

The equations those are relevant here are

f = 1/T = E/h = c/λ.

Where, f = frequency of the wave, T is time period of the wave, E = energy of the wave, h = Planck’s constant, c = constant speed of light, λ = wavelength of the wave, when 1° phase shift = T/360.

However, in case of (i) relative movement from such a vibration or (ii) for relativistic effects, or (iii) cosmic expansions, the phase of the vibration frequencies shift from its earlier position (say 0,0,0) to a new position due to relevant interactions out of these effects.

The time interval T(deg) for 1° of phase is inversely proportional to the frequency (f). We get a wave corresponds to time shift, and for 1° phase shift on a 5 MHz wave corresponds to a time shift of 555 picoseconds, and so on, for corresponding phase shifts in degree (°).

As a result, the wavelength of the vibration changes due to phase shift of the vibration frequencies, and so ultimately it shift to the red side in the spectrum relevant depending upon the energy decrease of the vibration due to various effects said or in case of energy increase the phase shift will result shorter wavelength to shift towards blue of the spectrum relevant.

This is what happens irrespective of the vibrations is in plane or in space.

E.g. a light signal converts into infrared, then microwave, even into radio waves. All these are result of dissipation of wave energy. The Planks equation so conveys us.

The value of a redshift is denoted by the letter z, corresponding to the fractional change in wavelength, positive for redshifts, negative for blueshifts, and by the wavelength ratio 1 + z,  which is >1 for redshifts, <1 for blueshifts. 

Redshift is z, is >1 is the displacement of spectral lines towards longer wavelengths (>λ) i.e. the red end of the electromagnetic spectrum.

The electromagnetic radiation, like light, from distant galaxies and celestial objects, interpreted as a Doppler shift that is proportional to the velocity of recession and thus to distance of the galaxy.

Moreover, the universe is expanding, and that expansion stretches the wavelength of light traveling through space in a phenomenon known as cosmological redshift.

Furthermore, there is gravitational redshift, also known as Einstein shift, it is the phenomenon that electromagnetic waves or photons travelling out of a gravitational well lose energy, this corresponds to longer wavelengths (λ).

The spectroscopy is used as a tool for studying the structures of atoms and molecules. The large number of wavelengths emitted by these systems makes it possible to investigate their structures in detail, including the electron configurations of ground and various excited states. From spectral lines astronomers can determine not only the element, but the temperature and density of that element in the star. The spectral line also can tell us about any magnetic field of the star. The width of the line can tell us how fast the material is moving.

*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*

Some Mr. X countered my post stating, "Planck relationship is for photons only hence m = 0. Thus it can be proven hf = 0. The Einstein relationship applies to anything with mass, hence not to photons.

And so this is how I have made him scientifically wrong.

"You have ignored to see that E = hf is applicable to energy carrying electromagnetic waves too.

As photon is a gauge boson, carrier of electromagnetic force, or weak interaction. Photon energy cannot be = 0.

m ∝ f (where h and c are constants). This expression does not mean m = f, So, this does not mean hf = 0,

Alternatively, if I question when photon mass m = 0 does this mean mc^2 = 0 too, or a photon does have a 0 energy?

Said m ∝ f expression conveys relationship between relativistic mass and wave frequency, where a photon does have relativistic mass so relativistic mass m can't be = 0.

The energy of a single photon is hν or = (h/2π) ω where h is Planck's constant: 6.626 x 10^-34 Joule-sec. So one photon of visible light contains about 10^-19 Joules of energy, and so it cannot be = 0 if you refer it in relativistic sense.

Therefore, you are wrong to say, "The Einstein relationship applies to anything with mass, hence not to photons." because a photon does have relativistic mass and also contains about 10^-19 Joules of energy, so m =0 does not apply for a photon in speed."

#frequency #wave #energy #disipation #ConversionOfVibrations #vibration

#Redshifts #DopplerRedshift #GravitationalRedshift #CosmicRedshift #Wavelength #Frequency #WaveEnergy #PhaseShift

Emergence of space and time - not natural:

It is obvious and scientifically valid to claim, through the scientific interpretation of the prevailing Universal formation between it's existence in singularity and the begining of the existential events, that both - space and time - emerge from the beginning of the Universal events.

Space is fundamentally defined as the dimensions of height, depth, and width within which all things exist and move, and dimension is a measurable extent of a particular kind, such as length, breadth, depth, or height.

Whereas space and time, both, are fundamentally conceptual, rather abstract mathematical entities and so they are not natural, nor real. 

By the word 'natural' we generally mean something existing in or derived from nature; not made or caused by humankind, and by the word 'real' we generally mean something actually existing as a thing or occurring in fact; not imagined or supposed. 

Whereas, Wikipedia defined abstraction in mathematics as the process of extracting the underlying structures, patterns or properties of a mathematical concept, removing any dependence on real world objects with which it might originally have been connected, and generalizing it so that it has wider applications or matching among other abstract descriptions of equivalent phenomena.

Wikipedia also defined time as the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole, succeeds in irreversible and uniformed succession, referred in fourth dimension above three spatial dimensions. This means events invoke time.

And so, the emergence of space and time do not depend on existence - in any of its forms, singularity or eventual - but such emergence entirely depend on the existential events. 

The begining of the Universal events signify the emergence of space and time but no other. 

Therefore, through the relevant verification of science, mathematics, and philosophy, if it's established that space and time are not natural entities but conceptual emergents, this will greatly shock our present understanding in cosmology and that would pave they way to a new understanding in science and it's laws as we know today. 

And such possibilities certainly would challenge Relativity in fundamental level, would require its restructuring.

Soumendra Nath Thakur

#existence #events #Singularity #relativitytheory #space #time #spacetime

Is the difference between the past and future friction?

No physicists are above science but they likely to interpret the laws of science.

The statement if difference between the past and future friction, is a surmised and misunderstood statement in the Universe. As there is no such resistance the universal events can encounter when moving through free space. And so a question of friction between past and future dose not arise.

However, events invoke time.

So what actually happening with the occurrences of the universal events are conversion of potential energy into kinetic energy and corresponding dissipation of infinitesimal energy throughout the free space, as they move out from the universal supergravity or singularity.

We may have a better understanding in it, if we consider Max Planck's equation E=hf. Energy-frequency equivalence equation.  At the threshold of Planck frequency, the Universe disobeys the known laws of physics, when supergravity acting on the universal energy content at or beyond the threshold frequencies.

There seem no other fundamental interactions acting on the universal energy except supergravity, abstract mathematics would hint that. Dark energy, in presence of supergravity, seems to prevail beyond the threshold frequency.

As the field of dark energy appears to cause inflation against the supergravity, the universal energy content expands due to the anti-gravitational push, space extends all of its dimensions, and time already began before the inflation. The universal energy content expands and cools down through dissipation of energy and scattering.

There is no counter resistance to the universal energy but the respective pull and push of supergravity and Dark energy, where Dark energy wins.

No frictional effect anywhere in the happening.