The debate about discreteness vs. continuity in the physical world:

Soumendra Nath Thakur added a reply:

Mr. Wolfgang Konle and Mr. Christian G. Wolf raise important points, and it's essential to provide a scientific analysis of the concepts involved in this discussion.

The debate about discreteness vs. continuity in the physical world often depends on the scale and context of observation. While certain scales, such as the Planck scale, might involve unique considerations, fundamental quantities like Planck mass and Planck length are still considered continuous.

My argument, based on the standardization of the SI unit of time and established scientific principles, aligns with the current scientific understanding of space and time as continuous dimensions. Therefore, both Mr. Konle and Mr. Wolf's statements, in their respective contexts, have some scientific validity, but my argument is also scientifically valid and consistent with established scientific principles.

Planck units are a set of units of measurement defined exclusively in terms of four universal physical constants, in such a manner that these physical constants take on the numerical value of 1 when expressed in terms of these units. These units are a system of natural units because their definition is based on properties of nature, more specifically the properties of free space, rather than a choice of prototype object. At the Planck scale, the predictions of the Standard Model, quantum field theory and general relativity are not expected to apply, and quantum effects of gravity are expected to dominate.

Discreteness vs. Continuity:

Discreteness refers to phenomena that are quantized, with distinct, separate values. In contrast, continuity implies that a phenomenon has an unbroken range of values.

At the Planck scale, the smallest possible scales defined by Planck units, the term "Planck scale" refers to quantities of space, time, energy, and other units that are similar in magnitude to corresponding Planck units. In this region, quantum effects of gravity are expected to dominate. However, Planck mass and Planck length, which are fundamental to these units, are considered continuous in nature, and there is no reference in Planck scale physics to space and time as discrete.

Space and Time:

According to our current scientific understanding, space and time are considered continuous. The concept of continuous space and time is fundamental to our descriptions of the physical world.

Accordingly, my argument is grounded in the scientific standardization of the SI unit of time, the accepted scientific definition of time, and the description of space and time as dimensions. Dimensions are ultimately mathematical extensions of length, and in this context, they should be considered continuous.

#discreteness #continuity #Dimention

The references to relativistic time dilation in relation to relativity theory are not my own views:

I'd like to emphasize that according to the Planck equation E = hf, the energy of a photon changes as it interacts with a gravitational source, leading to infinitesimal frequency changes (Δf) and, consequently, an infinitesimal energy change (ΔE). This process results in redshift or blueshift. I maintain that this interpretation aligns with established science.

Any of my references to relativistic time dilation were made in the context of how relativity theory addresses this concept. It is pertinent to mention here that any of my references to relativistic time dilation and relativity to illustrate how relativity implies time dilation and other aspects of relativity, these are not my own views, but my research papers do not hold time dilation to be true, but instead support relativistic time dilation as timing error. I firmly hold that time remains unchanged, according to the SI standard of time. Time is not something that should be changed by some external means unless one invites error. All my research papers support this opinion.

Additional: modification to the Poisson equation:

The equations presented by Mr. Wolfgang Konle suggest a modification to the Poisson equation for gravitational potential in the context of gravitation theory. The modified equation includes an additional term, which is denoted with bold letters. This additional term appears to be a proposal to account for the mass equivalent of the energy density of gravitational fields within the gravitational potential equation. 

The modified equation is as follows:

∇²ɸ = 4πG(ρ - (∇ɸ)² / (8πGc²)) or ∇²ɸ + (∇ɸ)² / (2c²) = 4πGρ

In this modified equation, ∇²ɸ represents the Laplacian of the gravitational potential, ρ is the mass density, G is the gravitational constant, c is the speed of light, and (∇ɸ) represents the gradient of the gravitational potential.

Original submission by Mr. Wolfgang Konle, Doctor of Engineering, retired, Airbus Defence and Space, Friedrichshafen, Germany:

According to my (Mr. Wolfgang Konle) opinion, inconsistencies in gravitation theory occur, because the mass equivalent of the energy density of gravitational fields is not taken into account. Considering that, the Poisson equation gets an additional term:

∇²ɸ = 4πGρ => ∇²ɸ = 4πG(ρ-(∇ɸ)²/(8πGc²)) or ∇²ɸ+(∇ɸ)²/(2c²) = 4πGρ

ɸ is the gravitational potential, ρ is the mass density, G is the gravitational constant, c is the speed of light. The additional term is written with bold letters.

#relativistictimedilation #modifiedPoissonEquation

Cosmic Speed beyond Light: Gravitational and Cosmic Redshift

Thakur, Soumendra & Bhattacharjee, Deep. (2023). Cosmic Speed beyond Light: Gravitational and Cosmic Redshift. 10.13140/RG.2.2.10802.58561. 

This research explores the intricate relationship between gravitational and cosmic redshift phenomena, unveiling a profound understanding of how light behaves as it traverses the cosmos. The study begins with an examination of gravitational redshift, a well-established concept occurring when photons move away from massive gravitational sources, such as stars within galaxies. Gravitational redshift, expressed as λ/λ_0 , manifests within the gravitational influence and extends to the boundary of the observed "zero-gravity sphere" enveloping galaxies. Within this remarkable zero-gravity sphere, gravitational effects persist, while the antigravity influence of dark energy remains negligible. As a result, gravitational redshift dominates, and cosmic redshift is notably absent within the sphere. Photons within this sphere maintain their constant speed 'c' and undergo gravitational redshift exclusively. However, as photons exit the zero-gravity sphere at a distance 'r' equivalent to the source star's radius, they encounter the onset of cosmic redshift, quantified as {(λ_obs - λ_emit)/ λ_emit}. Cosmic redshift blends with gravitational redshift, forming the effective redshift of the photon. Critically, the effective cosmic redshift surpasses gravitational redshift, illuminating a profound revelation: photons traverse a greater "light-traveled distance" than their proper distance from the source. In essence, cosmic redshift signifies that photons move across their intended distances at their intrinsic speed , while the expanding universe introduces a relative distance expansion, influenced by antigravity. This research delves into the intricate dance between gravitational and cosmic redshift, shedding light on their remarkable implications for our comprehension of the expanding universe.

Relativistic time

Thakur, Soumendra. (2023). Relativistic time. 10.32388/UJKHUB. 

Relativistic time encompasses a range of intriguing phenomena, including time distortion, error in time, time delay, and time shift. It emerges from the intricate interplay of relative frequencies influenced by relativistic effects, such as motion and variations in gravitational potential. This abstract concept can be understood as a phase shift in relative frequencies, driven by two fundamental mechanisms.

The first mechanism involves the infinitesimal loss of wave energy in oscillators with mass, resulting in time distortion or error in time measurement. This effect arises from the impact of motion on time measurement, manifesting as a phase shift or an error in the perception of time.

The second mechanism centers on the infinitesimal loss of energy in propagating waves, leading to time delay or time shift. This phenomenon extends beyond motion and encompasses variations in gravitational potential. As a result, it introduces variations in the passage of time.

Together, these mechanisms highlight the dynamic and interconnected relationship between relative frequencies, energy, and the perception of time in the context of relativistic effects. This abstract illuminates the multifaceted nature of relativistic time and the critical role it plays in our understanding of the fundamental principles governing the universe.

Relativistic effects cause error in time reading

Thakur, Soumendra. (2023). Relativistic effects cause error in time reading. 10.32388/3YQQBO.2. 

The paper, titled 'Relativistic effects cause errors in time reading', highlights how the concept of time dilation, a consequence of the theory of relativity, creates different time scales for proper time and time dilation. This difference in time scale introduces errors in clock readings when attempting to measure time dilation using the same units as proper time.