Response to a commenter's Misinterpretation:

Soumendra Nath Thakur 

December 24, 2024

Your reference to "density of space" reflects a fundamental misunderstanding of the concept of density, violating its very definition. Density is defined as the measure of how tightly packed a material is, expressed as the mass of a substance per unit volume. While "volume of space" is a valid term, "density of space" is incorrect because space is not a material entity and does not possess mass.

Furthermore, your statement, "anything that expands or contracts, its density decreases or increases," is a flawed analogy. The expansion of distance, as discussed in my post, is a linear phenomenon and does not involve volumetric changes. Measuring distance does not equate to measuring volume, rendering your analogy inapplicable to the concept of increasing distances between galaxies.

Additionally, my post does not reference or account for the density of matter or galaxies. Yet, you have misrepresented it by imposing the idea of "density of matter taking galaxies into account," which my post never addressed. This misrepresentation undermines the context and intent of my argument.

To clarify, the recession of galaxies signifies an increase in the distances between them—a linear increment—not a volumetric mass increase, as you incorrectly implied by referencing density changes.

Your comment fails to address the substance of my argument and instead misinterprets it with irrelevant and baseless counterpoints. I recommend understanding the message of my post more thoroughly before attempting to counter it.

Galactic Recession: Expansion of Distance, Not Spacetime.

Soumendra Nath Thakur 

December 24, 2024

Massive objects, such as galaxies, observed to recede from one another due to the anti-gravitational force exerted by dark energy. This force acts in a manner opposite to gravity, which pulls massive objects closer together. Both phenomena involve changes in the distances between physical objects within space over time. 

This perspective challenges and invalidates the concept of spacetime expansion, emphasizing instead the expansion of distances between galaxies within the universe.

Space as a Framework, Not a Physical Medium:

Soumendra Nath Thakur 

December 24, 2024

A medium is traditionally defined as the intervening substance through which sensory impressions are conveyed or physical forces are transmitted. However, space is not a physical substance; it does not serve as a medium in this sense. Electromagnetic propagation, therefore, requires no physical medium between its emission and reception. Instead, space represents the dimensions of height, depth, and width within which all things exist and move. It is not a medium but a framework within which existential events occur.

Emphasizing ECM Interpretation of Relativistic Mass as Effective Mass:

December 24, 2024.

Dear Mr. Lewis,

Thank you for your continued interest and engagement in the discussion of my research. Your contributions reflect an active inquiry into foundational aspects of physics, and I appreciate the opportunity to address them.

Core Framework of my Research:

The research paper, 'Relativistic Mass and Energy Equivalence: Energetic Form of Relativistic Mass in Special Relativity,' explores the variability of mass and its impact on mass-energy equivalence. While it operates within the context of special relativity, it is interpreted through the lens of Extended Classical Mechanics (ECM) to establish a refined framework for analysing mass-energy relationships. Specifically, the term effective mass (mᵉᶠᶠ) in ECM provides a unifying concept that bridges relativistic mass (m′) with apparent mass (mᵃᵖᵖ) and the variability of matter mass (mᴍ). 

1. Relativistic Mass (m′) as Effective Mass (mᵉᶠᶠ):

• In the context of ECM, relativistic mass (m′) is represented as effective mass (mᵉᶠᶠ), which integrates the variability arising from apparent mass (mᵃᵖᵖ). 

• This framework highlights that relativistic mass (m′) manifests not merely as a velocity-dependent quantity but also as a dynamic interplay of mass variability and energy exchange.

2. Energy-Mass Equivalence in ECM:

• The effective mass (mᵉᶠᶠ) captures the relativistic energy dynamics by unifying the rest mass (m₀) with variability induced by apparent mass (mᵃᵖᵖ).

• This provides an enriched perspective compared to the classical relativistic equation E=m′c², extending its application to dynamic systems governed by ECM principles.

Addressing Your Comments

1. Wave Nature of Light and Space as a Medium:

While your assertion that light is a wave in the medium of space is thought-provoking, it diverges from the framework of ECM and the focus of this research. The ECM framework does not address the existence of a medium for light propagation but instead interprets photon behaviour through effective forces and energy exchanges, such as the incorporation of negative apparent mass in photon dynamics. 

2. Electron, Proton, and Neutron as Looped Waves:

The hypothesis of subatomic particles as looped waves in a medium, though innovative, lies outside the ECM framework, which does not challenge the quark model or introduce alternative structural interpretations of matter. Instead, ECM focuses on refining force and energy equations for particles, emphasizing variability in mass and energy under relativistic and classical conditions.

3. Rejection of Quarks and Balmer Formula Interpretation:

While your conclusions about quarks and the Balmer formula propose a reinterpretation of quantum mechanics, these ideas are not pertinent to the ECM framework or the specific discussion of relativistic mass equivalence. The paper does not address quantum-level structural analyses or alternative cosmological models.

Why Your Response is Irrelevant:

Your recent response introduces concepts that are not aligned with the specific objectives of the paper, including:

1. Unrelated Frameworks:

• The hypothesis of a wave medium and looped wave particles shifts the discussion away from the ECM interpretation of relativistic mass and effective mass.

2. Scope of the Paper:

• The research focuses exclusively on mass-energy equivalence through the ECM lens, not on alternative theories of particle or wave dynamics.

3. Absence of Engagement with ECM Principles:

• Your response does not address the core ECM principles, such as the role of apparent mass (mᵃᵖᵖ) in effective mass (mᵉᶠᶠ) or the dynamic variability of matter mass (mᴍ).

Conclusion

While your insights provide an alternative perspective, they are not directly relevant to the specific objectives or findings of this research paper. I encourage discussions that engage with the ECM interpretation of mass-energy equivalence, particularly the integration of relativistic mass as effective mass (mᵃᵖᵖ) and its implications for energy dynamics.

Thank you for your understanding and engagement. I look forward to further discussions that align with the ECM framework and the principles outlined in the research.

Best regards,

Soumendra Nath Thakur

Researcher

Nature of Light and Matter: Insights from Fundamental Physics.

Soumendra Nath Thakur

ORCiD: 0000-0003-1871-7803

December 22, 2024

Abstract:

This study explores the behaviour of light as a wave, its propagation through various gravitational conditions, and its role as the sole source of electromagnetic waves across the spectrum. Photons, massless carriers of the electromagnetic force, escape gravitational wells by exerting a negative anti-gravitational force, expending interaction energy. Extended classical mechanics introduces concepts such as negative apparent mass and effective acceleration for photons, distinguishing them from massive subatomic particles. The framework integrates Planck's energy-frequency relation with force and energy equations for subatomic particles, challenging relativistic principles like time dilation and spacetime curvature. A universal rest frame is proposed to explain physical changes caused by motion and gravity, offering an alternative to traditional relativistic interpretations.

Nature of Light and Matter:

The scientific understanding of light as a wave aligns with its ability to propagate through free space, regardless of gravitational influences, zero-gravity conditions, or anti-gravitational forces. Visible light constitutes a small portion of the broader electromagnetic spectrum. Photons, as gauge bosons and carriers of the electromagnetic force, are distinct from quark-formed particles. Lacking mass, photons exist solely in energetic forms, either as free photons or when absorbed by electrons, making them the sole sources of electromagnetic waves across the spectrum.

Max Planck’s 1900 formulation of the energy-frequency relationship, E=hf, underpins the understanding of photon energy across the electromagnetic spectrum. Photons emitted from gravitational wells carry inherent energy (E) and gravitational interaction energy (Eg), with a negative anti-gravitational force enabling their escape by expending Eg. Beyond gravitational influence, photons retain their inherent energy (E) unless interacting with new fields. In dark-energy-dominated space, photons gradually lose energy over vast distances, extending their wavelengths beyond the radio wave spectrum until mobility ceases as their frequency approaches zero.

Extended classical mechanics incorporates negative apparent mass and effective constant acceleration into the force equations for massless photons, reflecting inertial mass (m<0). In contrast, massive subatomic particles—such as protons, neutrons, and electrons—oscillate at specific frequencies and differ fundamentally from massless photons. Protons and neutrons originate from quarks, while electrons derive from leptons. Force equations for these particles include effective mass (comprising rest mass and negative apparent mass) and effective acceleration, with their rest masses being positive (m>0).

Planck’s energy-frequency equation applies to photons and electromagnetic waves, while the mass-energy relations of protons, neutrons, and electrons may conform to extended classical mechanics. This framework integrates force and energy equations with relativistic mass-energy equations and Planck’s energy-frequency equation, supported by phase-shift and infinitesimal wave-energy-loss equations, as proposed by S. N. Thakur et al.

The notion of a universal rest frame where light travels aligns with principles of physical science but diverges from relativity. Relativistic concepts of time dilation and spacetime curvature are criticized for relying on biased experiments and arbitrary interpretations of space and time. Although mathematically compelling, Lorentz transformations fail in physical application due to the neglect of acceleration effects between reference frames and material deformations. Motion-induced physical changes occur within a universal rest frame, challenging the foundational premises of both Special and General Relativity.

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