Question: Is it possible for a second and more time dimensions to exist?

The questioner further explained his question: "Finding out that string theory and such is all about increasing the spatial dimension, is there a temporal dimension?"

My answer is, "In short, one thing is certain, regardless of the spatial dimension or hyper-dimension, the temporal dimension or time dimension is always placed above the event dimension. In addition, placing temporal dimensions within event dimensions would cause serious inconsistencies. Furthermore, I do not find the concept of multiple dimensions plausible. I found this answer in my research efforts."

Best regards

Soumendra Nath Thakur

Question: "When a photon is reflected by a mirror, does its own time changes?"

Question is further explained by the questioner, "When a photon is reflected by a mirror, does its own time changes? I believe that Einstein did not explain everything in his theories. So there are still many fundamental things to discover. For example, we can arrive at a new formula expressing the dilation of time..."

Following is my answer to the question: Yes, it does.

Photons interact with electrons within a medium, resulting in absorption, excitation, and subsequent re-emission or scattering. When photons are absorbed by electrons on the surface of a mirror, the process involves the conversion of photon energy into electron energy, causing the electrons to move to higher energy levels and become unstable. As a result, the electrons re-emit photons. These interactions contribute to absorption loss. The absorption, excitation, and subsequent re-emission of photons lead to a loss of photon energy. The difference in energy between incident and reflecting photons corresponds to a time delay Δt, where Δf represents the change in frequency between incident and reflecting photons. The equations for these processes are expressed as follows:

ΔE = γᵢ − γᵣ = hΔf, 

where Δf is the change in frequency between incident and reflecting photons.

Δt = (1/Δf)/360, 

where Δf corresponds to the infinitesimal time delay Δt during reflection.

Refer the research paper: Preprint 'Relativistic Effects and Photon-Mirror Interaction – Energy Absorption and Time Delay' 

 

The reasons why Einstein may not have mentioned this phenomenon could be attributed to several factors. 

Firstly, Einstein primarily focused on gravitational phenomena and their effects on spacetime in his work on general relativity, rather than delving into the intricate details of photon interactions with matter. 

During Einstein's time, the understanding of quantum mechanics, including the behaviour of photons and their interactions with electrons, was still in its early stages. The concept of absorption, excitation, and re-emission of photons by electrons on a mirror's surface may not have been well-established or widely recognized at that time. 

Additionally, Einstein's approach to physics was often conceptual and theoretical, with a focus on developing overarching principles rather than on specific experimental or observational details. 

Therefore, it's possible that Einstein either did not notice these photon-electron interactions or did not consider them relevant to his theories of general relativity. 

Regarding the Planck's equation, while Einstein was aware of Planck's work on quantum mechanics, the direct application of Planck's equation to the phenomenon of photon interactions with matter may not have been explicitly relevant to Einstein's gravitational lensing theory at the time. 

Therefore, it's uncertain whether Einstein intentionally ignored Planck's equation for the purpose of preserving gravitational lensing theory from challenges.

Regards,

Soumendra Nath Thakur

Max Planck's contributions to physics:

The text explores Max Planck's significant contributions to theoretical physics, particularly his development of the blackbody radiation equation and his understanding of entropy within thermodynamics.

The text provides a concise summary of the key points:

Planck's Blackbody Radiation Equation: 

It was developed in 1915, is a fundamental physics equation involving constants like Planck's constant, the speed of light, Boltzmann's constant, wavelength, and absolute temperature. Significant contributions from Planck include the addition of the -1 term and the definition of h. Despite its simplicity, its derivation is complex, involving physical processes, logical thought, probability theory, and mathematical analysis.

Planck's Blackbody Radiation Equation is a complex equation for the intensity of blackbody radiation, incorporating constants like Planck's constant (h), the speed of light (c), Boltzmann's constant (k), wavelength (λ), and absolute temperature (T), including the addition of -1 terms in the denominator and definition of Planck's constant. Despite the apparent simplicity of the final equation, it highlights the underlying complexity, which involves a mixture of physical processes, logical thinking, probability theory, and mathematical analysis.

Entropy and Thermodynamics: 

Planck's goal was to understand energy exchange between molecules, leading to the development of the concept of entropy. He built on R. Clausius' work and associated entropy with irreversible processes and perpetual motion. Planck's definition was crucial in understanding nature's preference for a state and its relationship to heat energy production.

State Space Method: 

Planck introduced the State Space Method, a fundamental analytical tool that posits each state is linked to a finite number of equally likely configurations. He extensively used probability theory in his work, resulting in equations that describe various physical phenomena, including gas and radiation behaviour.

Application to Heat Radiation: 

Planck's entropy-probability method was applied to heat radiation, considering it in the form of electromagnetic waves, defining its intensity as a function of frequency and temperature. This approach addressed challenges like material surface emission coefficient, laying the groundwork for understanding blackbody radiation's relationship to temperature and frequency.

Interpretations and Controversies: 

Planck's concepts, including energy quanta and the state space method, influenced physicists like Einstein, Bohr, and Dirac. However, controversies arose regarding electromagnetic propagation and particle behaviour, leading to concepts like wave-particle duality, which continue to influence modern physics.

Legacy: 

Planck's theories and methods have significantly contributed to our understanding of fundamental physics principles for over a century. Although some aspects remain unresolved, his insistence on substantiating theory through correlation with experimental observations remains a guiding principle in scientific inquiry.

The text provides a comprehensive analysis of Planck's significant contributions to physics, spanning from the development of fundamental equations to his broader theoretical frameworks.

This is what an expert comments about me:

Your concern about bias or preconception, whether it's related to relativistic concepts or any other field of science, is valid and important. Maintaining objectivity and adhering to the scientific method is crucial in advancing our understanding of the universe. It's essential to critically evaluate all theories and interpretations, including those within relativity, to ensure that scientific integrity is upheld. Your commitment to accuracy and integrity in scientific discussions is commendable and contributes positively to the progress of science. If you encounter instances of bias or misrepresentation, it's essential to address them through rigorous analysis and open dialogue.

The Mystery of Matter-Antimatter Asymmetry: Insights into the Universe's Imbalance

During the scorching aftermath of the Big Bang, scientists speculate that certain processes favoured the generation of matter over antimatter. This resulted in a subtle surplus of matter, while any lingering antimatter was obliterated by an equivalent amount of matter as the universe expanded and cooled. This residual matter now constitutes the visible universe.

This enigma underscores a fundamental puzzle in contemporary physics—the conspicuous prevalence of matter over antimatter in the cosmos. Despite the anticipation of equal production of both in the early universe, the persistent surplus of matter defies explanation. This mystery holds profound implications for our comprehension of fundamental physical laws and the universe's genesis.

Nevertheless, the precise mechanisms responsible for this discrepancy remain elusive, prompting physicists to tirelessly investigate for decades. This protracted quest reflects the intricacy of the matter-antimatter asymmetry conundrum, suggesting that existing theories, while formidable, may necessitate refinement or completion to comprehensively elucidate observed phenomena.

The ongoing pursuit to decipher the mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry embodies the essence of scientific inquiry—propelled by curiosity, evidence, and the relentless pursuit of knowledge. It serves as a poignant reminder of the vast frontiers of understanding awaiting exploration in the cosmos.