Does time exist?

Time is the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole, succeeds in irreversible and uniformed succession, referred in fourth dimension above three spatial dimensions.

Time is an imperceptible fourth dimensional concept so protected from real interference or, influence or, interaction with the cosmic events. The events rather invoke time.

The term cosmic time signifies a relationship between the time since the Big Bang and the events within the Universe. The distortion in proper time always originates from wavelength distortion, including in special relativity, and therefore proper time subject to synchronization with ideal time in near approximation, as done with the atomic clocks.

Time is called T, the period of oscillation, so that T = 2π/ω. The reciprocal of the period, or the frequency f, in oscillations per second, is given by f = 1/T = ω/2π.

Nobody singly invented time. It was rather discovered by the human kind through the observations of events.

Distortions of wavelengths exactly correspond to time distortions λ∝T, where λ is the wavelength of the wave and T is time period of the wavelength.

Time exists in concept.

Ancient Indian and Greek philosophers were among the first to question time as a mysterious concept. Ever since Human beings existed, they have always tried to make sense of the Universe, accordingly, conceptualised time by observing the events in the nature; as such they have used archaic devices like, candle clock, sundial, water clock, sand clock etc.

Nowadays, clocks all over the world are based on seconds, minutes, and hours. The first mechanical clock said to have invented in 1275 by replacing archaic devices, and in 1656 first pendulum clock was made. The quartz clock was invented in 1927 and the atomic clock in 1948. 

#time

Reasons of various redshifts

Summary:

"The reasons of the red-shifts (z, >1) are actually the results of lowered energy (E) of the waves or, lowered frequency (f) of the waves or. increased wavelength (λ) of the waves. The wavelength of the wave vibrations change due to phase shift of the vibration frequencies, and so ultimately the wavelengths shift to the red side in the electromagnetic spectrum depending upon the energy decrease of the wave vibration due to various effects like Doppler, relativistic and expansion of space. And also, in case of energy increase of the wave, the phase-shift will result shorter wavelengths to shift the wavelength towards the blue side of the electromagnetic spectrum."

Explanation:

Vibration (frequency) can be two dimensional i.e. up and down in x-y plane and also back and forth in x-z plane, when electromagnetic vibrations occur in both planes simultaneously, so frequencies of these vibrations of both planes are synchronised normally and those phases of vibrational waves began from the origin location (0,0,0) normally.

The equations those are relevant here are f=c/λ=E/h=1/T, when 1° phase shift = T/360.

However, in case of (i) relative movement from such a vibration or (ii) for relativistic effects, or (iii) cosmic expansions, the phase of the vibrational frequencies shift from its earlier position (say 0,0,0) to a new position due to relevant interactions out of these effects.

The time interval T(deg) for 1° of phase is inversely proportional to the frequency (f). We get a wave corresponds to time shift, and for 1° phase shift on a 5 MHz wave corresponds to a time shift of 555 picoseconds, and so on, for corresponding phase shifts in degee (°).

As a result, the wavelength of the vibration changes due to phase shift of the vibration frequencies, and so ultimately it shift to the red side in the spectrum relevant depending upon the energy decrease of the vibration due to various effects said or in case of energy increase the phase shift will result shorter wavelength to shift towards blue of the spectrum relevant.

This is what happens irrespective of the vibrations is in plane or in space."

#Redshifts #DopplerRedshift #GravitationalRedshift #CosmicRedshift #Wavelength #Frequency #WaveEnergy #PhaseShift

A conflict between time dilation and gravitational redshift:

There are three known types of redshifts, - Doppler redshift, gravitational redshift and cosmological redshift.

The corresponding formulas for this redshift are –

• Z = {λ(obs)-λ(rest)}/λ(rest);
• Z = Δλ/λ₀ and also
• Z = Δλ/λ₀,

Where,

• Z denotes the redshift factor which represents the fractional change in wavelength;
• λ(obs) represents the observed wavelength of light;
• λ(rest) represents the rest wavelength of light;
• Δλ is the change in wavelength of light as observed;
• λ₀ is the wavelength at the source.

Time dilation, based on Doppler Redshift, and the gravitational redshift; both are due to the wavelength dilation of the wave.

The distortions of wavelengths exactly correspond to time distortions; through the relationship λ∝T, where λ denotes wavelength and T denotes period of oscillation of the wave.

 

The Planck's equation conveys that a photon's wavelength is inversely proportional to the energy of that photon, which can be calculated from Planck's equation 1/λ∝E, where h Planck's constant and c constant denotes the speed at which a light photon travel.

 

1)       Doppler Redshift is the enlargement in the wavelength (λ) of the wave in relation to an observer who is moving away relative to the wave source, Z={λ(obs)-λ(rest)}/λ(rest). Whereas, time dilation, based on Doppler formula, is not understood from the wavelength (λ) distortion rather understood from Doppler Redshift. In fact, relativistic effect causes phase shift in the frequency and corresponding enlargement in the wavelength of the clock oscillation, and so results error in the reading of the clock time, wrongfully known as time dilation.

 

    2) Similarly, gravitational redshift too is the enlargement in the wavelength (λ) of the light (photons) wave moving away relative to its source or from a gravitational well. So a photon expends energy (E) while escaping the gravitational well, known as gravitational redshift.

 

3) Cosmological redshift too is the enlargement in the wavelength (λ) of the light photons traveling, through intergalactic space, relative to its gravitational well.

 

However, time distortion always originates from wavelength distortion and so, time dilation, as in special relativity, does not follow the general rules, when it should have been understood from the wavelength (λ) distortion rather than understanding it from the Doppler Redshift. As such, Special relativity does not escape the fundamental equivalent between wavelengths and time, which is much more general than special relativity. Whereas, time dilation actually wavelength dilation.

 

Therefore, time dilation is not only in conflict with gravitational redshift because it is not understood from wavelength dilation than the Doppler Redshift, but time dilation also does not escape additional wavelength dilation due to Cosmological redshift. The Planck's equation appears to be good use for the calculation of all relevant wavelength dilations.

___________________________________________________________________________ 

A conflict between gravitational redshift and time dilation:It appears that Einstein promoted Doppler more than Planck in his gravitational redshift, so as to protect his "time dilation" from an obvious conflict with "wavelength dilation" - a must requirement for both gravitational redshift as well as time dilation. 

Considering expanded energy of "photon" (wave) and an "object" under the influence of relativistic effects respectively, in relation to an observer who is moving away relative to the wave source - as in "gravitational redshift" of photon (wave) leaving gravitational well, - and as an object under the relativistic effects in time dilation respectively. In both of the incidents, energy and frequency decreased, correspondingly wavelength enlarged, resulting respective redshift and (wavelength dilation,) so called time dilation.  

 

- Soumendra Nath Thakur

#MaxPlanck #PlanckEquation #Einstein #TimeDilation #WavelengthDilation #Redshift         #GravitationalRedshift #CosmologicalRedshift #relativity

A scientific misconception about time dilation

(Summarised) 

About time and wavelength dilation: 

Soumendra Nath Thakur

 Email: postmasterenator@gmail.com

orcid.org/0000-0003-1871-7803

22 Sep 2022, 09:00

A scientific misconception about time dilation is described as:

The equation of time dilation t'= t/√ (1-v²/c²) is wrong; where t' is dilated time, t proper time, v relativistic speed and c speed of light in free space.

Real events invoke time. The error in the said equation is that the proper time (t) can never be modified through external influence or interaction or interference of real events, with speed or under gravity, to get time dilation (t’).

It would be wrong to try to modify cosmic proper time progressing in its uniformed and irreversible succession that too in higher dimension above the three-dimensions of space. Speed or gravity can never interfere time (t) to get time dilation (t'). So there is no time dilation rather it is a wavelength (λ) dilation of the clock oscillation.

Experimental results

Experiments made in electronic laboratories on piezoelectric crystal oscillators show that the wave corresponds to time shift due to relativistic effects.

The wavelength (λ) of a wave is directly proportional to the time period (T) of the wave, that is λ ∝ T. 

Where, speed v or c = f λ. 

λ = v/f = c/f and T = 2π/ω. 

ω = 2π/T = 2πf. as T = 1/f, f is frequency. The speed c is constant in free space.

1. We get a wave corresponds to time shift.

For example, 1° phase shift on a 5 MHz wave corresponds to a time shift of 555 picosecond (ps). The proof is:

We know, 1° phase shift = T/360. 

As T=1/f,  

1° phase shift = T/360 = (1/f)/360.

For a wave of frequency, f = 5000000 Hz, we get the phase shift in degree (°) 

= (1/5000000)/360

= (5.55 x 10^-10)

= 555 ps. 

Therefore, for 1° phase shift for a wave having wavelength λ = 59.95m, and frequency f = 5 MHz, the time shift (time delay) Δt = 555 ps (approx). 

 

2. Moreover, for 360° phase shift or, 1 complete cycle for a wave having frequency 1Hz (of a 9192631770 Hz wave); the time shift (time delay)    

Δt = 0.00000010878277570776666 ms (approx).

Time shift of the caesium-133 atomic clock in the GPS satellite in space:

For 1455.50003025° phase shift (or 4.043055639583333 cycles) of a 9192631770 Hz wave; time shift (time delay) 

Δt = 0.0000004398148148148148 ms (approx) or, 0.038 millisecond, or, 38 microsecond time is taken per day.

Conclusion

The wavelength dilation due to relativistic effects on the clock oscillations result corresponding error in the reading of clock time, wrongly presented as time dilation Ref. Original paper - Effect of wavelength dilation in time

Relativistic effects cause error in time reading | Events invoke time | The Planck scale limits our sensual perception | Time distortion occurs only in clocks with mass under relativistic effects, not in electromagnetic waves | Photon paths bend due to momentum exchange, not intrinsic spacetime curvature | The Dynamics of Photon Momentum Exchange and Curvature in Gravitational Fields | Relativistic effects and photon-mirror interaction -energy absorption and time delay | Bing Answer | Oscillation | Relative Time | Scientific misconception | About time, wavelength | Error in reading time | Effect of wavelength | Phase shift in frequency | Scientific misconception | About time, wavelength | Satellite Clock | Time shift caesium-133 | Time shift caesium-133

Oscillation | Relative Time | Scientific misconception | About time, wavelength | Error in reading time | Effect of wavelength y | Phase shift in frequency y | Scientific misconception y | About time, wavelength y | About time, wavelength g    

Hubble's 'cosmic redshift' of the cosmic signals raises question of a resulting redshift.

There are three known types of redshifts, - Doppler redshift, gravitational redshift and cosmological redshift.

The corresponding formulas for this redshift are

• Z = {λ(obs)-λ(rest)}/λ(rest);

• Z = Δλ/λ₀ and also

• Z = Δλ/λ₀,

Where, 

• Z denotes the redshift factor which represents the fractional change in wavelength;

• λ(obs) represents the observed wavelength of light;

• λ(rest) represents the rest wavelength of light;

• Δλ is the change in wavelength of light as observed;

• (λ₀) is the wavelength at the source.

In a post, “Hubble's 'cosmic redshift' of the cosmic signals overrules Einstein's 'gravitational redshift', and the act raises question of a resulting redshift.

=> λ(h) + λ(e) => λ(r)? #redshift “

Viewer Questioned, “I respect these mathematical symbols, but it would be a whole lot better for the numerically uninitiated if they could be translated into words. Is there any chance of that?

Author Replied, “Yes sir, let me text you the scenario replacing the symbol... in the comment below.

The wavelength of a wave is presented as λ.

1. So wavelength of a wave can be enlarged naturally, mostly in three conditions known as redshift.

2. These conditions are -

(a) due to Doppler effect

(b) due to gravitational effect

(c) due to cosmic effect

I will describe them briefly below.

3. Explanation in gravitational effect:

When light leaves a gravitational well like the Sun, it spends its energy to leave the well, but since speed of light is constant, it cannot reduce its speed as it leaves the well (Sun) rather reduces its frequency, correspondingly increases its wavelength, and this is presented as λ, as such it gets red shifted in the electromagnetic spectrum, known as Einstein's redshift. Let's represent it with the symbol λ(e) - represent red-shifted wavelength as per Einstein model. - Lambda (λ) wavelength and (e) suffix ‘e’ representing Einstein (Einstein's redshift)

4. The light wave when passes a long distance through intergalactic space, - most of the space is not dominated by gravity but dark energy - as such space expands (such expansion is not possible within gravity dominated space like within galaxies.)

Such light passing intergalactic space subject to face unusual wavelength dilation due to stretching of the fabric of space (Einstein was unaware of this) and gets red-shifted wavelength known as red-shifting of light due to cosmic expansion - that Edwin Hubble discovered. So let us represent this new form of red-shifting of light's wavelength as λ(h), similar to the earlier symbolic but, by replacing Einstein's (e) as Hubble's (h) i.e. λ(h).

5. So a light signal, if emits from the Sun and passes long distance through intergalactic space, the same light signal will experience both kinds of red-shifting i.e. Einstein's gravitational red-shifting as well as Hubble's cosmic red-shifting, as a result the said red-shifting of the same light wave would subject to addition of two red-shifting said.

So this was my question symbolically presented as λ(h) + λ(e) => λ(r), as it questions addition of values of {λ(h) + λ(e)} - generally it is used as frequency modulation in the applications on Earth, and also considered as per it's energy level using Planck’s relationship E=hf. I have to confirm the actual application in this. So I’m wondering.

End.

Author, “ Hope the above throws light on the reasons of my question, Sir.”

Viewer Answers, "You are clever, well-informed, and gentlemanly: a winning combination. Thank you."