The time of the GPS satellite's clock oscillator is affected by the wavelength enlargement, not by the time dilation:

Gravity and electromagnetism are two of the four fundamental forces, out of the four fundamental forces. There are many similarities between electromagnetic (EM) radiation and gravitational radiation - both travel at the speed of light; both carry energy away from their sources; both consist of transverse waves with two polarizations. The main difference between gravity and electromagnetism is that gravity is a force between masses whereas electromagnetism is a force between charges. 

Gravity acts on mass and also acts on all forms of energy and thus acts on all subatomic particles, including the gauge bosons that carry the forces e.g. photon. Electromagnetism acts on electric charge. The electromagnetic field carries energy, contains momentum, so it will produce a gravitational field of its own. This gravitational field, produced by charge or magnet, is in addition to gravitational field produced by the matter mass. 

The gravitational redshift or redshifting of the photon climbing farther away from a gravitational well, the bending of a photon's path by the gravity of massive objects, the drifting of a small amount of time in the atomic clock on the ground, and faster running of the GPS clocks in space are due to the effects of gravity and examples of interactions between gravitational and electromagnetic fields.

• Planck's Equation: E = hf. 

Photon energy is the energy carried by a single photon. The energy of the photon depends on its frequency. The higher the frequency, the more energy the photon has. The amount of energy is directly proportional to the photon's electromagnetic frequency (E ∝ f) and so inversely proportional to the wavelength (E ∝ 1/λ). 

In Einstein's general theory of relativity, there is an effect known as "gravitational redshift," in which photon becomes redder because of the influence of gravity; the wavelength (λ) of a photon gets longer and appears redder as the wavelength climbs farther away from a gravitational well. As it becomes red-shifted, it's wavelength becomes larger so it's energy becomes smaller (λ ∝ 1/E).

• E = hf = h(c/λ) = h(1/T).     

The number of vibrations (cycles) per second is frequency (f) and the time taken to complete one vibration (cycle) is called time period (T), wavelength (λ) is just the distance between two identical points in the adjacent cycles of a wave. Whereas, frequency (f) and wavelength (λ) are inversely proportional and so time period (T) and wavelength (λ) are directly proportional.

Electromagnetic frequency (f) ∝ 1/wavelength (1/λ), when c is constant: f = c/λ = 1/T.

• Therefore, λ ∝ T. 

The time interval for 1° of phase is inversely proportional to the frequency. If the frequency of a signal is given by f, then the time T(deg) corresponding to 1° of phase shift is T(deg) = 1/(360f)= T/360. Therefore, a 1° phase shift on a 5 MHz signal or aprox. 59.95 meter wavelength (λ) corresponds to a time shift of 555 picoseconds.

• Since,  λ ∝ 1/f ∝ T.

  1° phase shift for a 59.95 m wavelength (λ), f (5 MHz), time shifts (time delays ΔT) aprox. 555 ps.

 90° phase shift " " time shifts (time delays ΔT) aprox. 50000 ps.

360° phase shift " f (5 MHz - 1 Hz) time shifts (time delays ΔT) aprox. 200000 ps. 

A 360° phase shift means a complete cycle of the wave, so from the above calculation, we can say that a 360° phase shift or a complete cycle of a 5 MHz wave takes 200000 ps (0.0000002 s) to complete one cycle (1 Hz). 

The caesium-133 atom used in atomic clocks vibrates at frequencies 9192631770 Hz on the ground and the GPS satellite clock advances faster than a clock on the ground by about 38 microseconds per day.

(i) For 1° phase shift of a 9192631770 Hz wave time shifts (time delays ΔT) aprox. 0.0000000003021743769660185 ms on the ground i.e. time shifts in a day 0.00002610786616986399 ms on the ground.

Time shift of the caesium-133 atomic clock above the ground: 

(ii) For 360° phase shift or, 1 complete cycle (1 Hz), of a 9192631770 Hz wave; aprox. 0.00000010878277570776666 ms time is taken i.e. time shifts in a day 0.00000010878277570776666 ms.

Time shift of the caesium-133 atomic clock in the GPS satellite in space:

(iii) For 1455.50003025° phase shift (or, 4.043055639583333 cycles) of a 9192631770 Hz wave 0.0000004398148148148148 ms time is taken (or, 0.038 miliseconds time is taken per day, or, 38 microseconds  time is taken per day.)

Lesser acting gravitational force on GPS Sattelite:

Mechanical oscillators are harmonic oscillators use balance wheels or pendulums resonance, preferred at a certain rate.

Crystal oscillators use mechanical resonance of vibrating crystals of piezoelectric material and create electrical signal with a constant frequency.

However, atomic oscillators’ mechanisms are based on the interaction of electromagnetic radiation in excited states of certain atoms, used as constant frequency.

Irrespective of the type of the oscillators used in a clock for time keeping, herein specifically known as a body, are made up of either certain atomic and/or certain molecular particles.
Such a body in acceleration and in gravitational potential experiences less weight due to the experience of less gravitational force per unit mass of that body in lesser gravitational potential. Accordingly gravity exerts less force on the body and to the neighbouring particles within the continuous internal material of such a body; this causes less mechanical stress to any oscillating particles within that body causing their lesser frequency or enlarged wavelength of the oscillator. 

Therefore an accelerating body or a body in gravitational potential shall experience lesser frequency or enlarged wavelength of the oscillator.

#GPSsatellite #time #timedilation #wavelengthdilation

Planck's equation invalidates time dilation:

Planck's energy-frequency equivalence equation E= hf = h(1/t) = h*c/λ.

Since, h(1/t) = h*c/λ.

          Or, 1/t = c/λ.

          Or, λ ∝ t (when, c is constant) 

However, 'λ,' being electromagnetic wavelength of the frequency 'f,' is real entity when, 't,' being conceptual, is unreal entity. 

So that such an unreal entity called time (t) can never participate in a real interactions with any existential events because of the rule of mathematics and science, but such an wavelength (λ) can freely participate in real eventual interactions, unlike time. 

Therefore, the eventual influences such as speed, or gravitational potential, can well interact with the wavelength (λ) of any material body or electromagnetic wave either in such speed or in varied gravitational potential. 

E.g. a material body would experience stress whereas, an electromagnetic wave would directly interact with such influence of speed or gravity - resulting lowered frequency of respective oscillations. This makes the "wavelength dilation" of the body or wave that results respective values of t, due to the dilated wavelength in respective oscillations. 

However, the experimenters confirming time dilation made the fundamental mistake in calculating time (t) as an influenced subject in their considerations, instead of calculating wavelength (λ) as the subject in their calculations, obviously they were more influenced by Albert Einstein than being influenced by the rules and methods of mathematics or science. 

Max Planck predates Albert Einstein but Einstein seems to disregarded Max Planck while proposing time dilation to the world.

#MaxPlanck #PlanckEquation #TimeDilation #WavelengthDilation

Frequency and Time relation

The time interval for 1° of phase is inversely proportional to the frequency. If the frequency of a signal is given by f, then the time t_deg (in seconds) corresponding to 1° of phase is t_deg = 1 / (360f) = T / 360. 

Therefore, a 1° phase shift on a 5 MHz signal corresponds to a time shift of 555 picoseconds.

The wavelength (λ) of that mass-energy wave is directly proportional to the time period (T) of the wave derives the equation λ∝T, we get the wave corresponds to time shift, e.g. 1° phase shift on a 5 MHz wave corresponds to a time shift of 555 picoseconds. 

• t=1/f.
  f = 5000000 Hz; 1° phase shift = t/360.
  t_deg = (1/f)/360 = (1/5000000)/360
  = (5.55x10^-10) = 555 Picosecond.
  

This, one can experimentally observe in an electronic laboratory while measuring gravitational effect on piezoelectric crystals. This is called wavelength dilation - when gravitational effect is less.

How does frequency change with time?

Three possibilities in the future of the Universe. .

Big Rip - dark energy increasing, an ultimate expansion of the universe to the extent that the particles and space and time of which it consists are torn apart. 

Constant Dark Energy - as space expands, the dark energy density remains constant, rather than decreasing or increasing. As a result, after the Universe has expanded for long enough, dark energy comes to dominate the energy budget of the Universe.

Big Crunch - Dark energy decreasing, gravity takes over - a contraction of the universe to a state of extremely high density and temperature (a hypothetical opposite of the Big Bang).

                                                                 * * * * * * * 

Soviet mathematician Alexander Friedmann's model gave rise to three different types of models for the evolution of the Universe.

First, the Universe would expand for a given amount of time, and if the expansion rate is less than the density of the Universe (leading to gravitational attraction), it would ultimately lead to the collapse of the Universe at a later stage.

Secondly, the Universe would expand, and at some time, if the expansion rate and the density of the Universe became equal, it would expand slowly and stop, leading to a somewhat static Universe.

Thirdly, the Universe would continue to expand forever, if the density of the Universe is less than the critical amount required to balance the expansion rate of the Universe.

#BigRip #ConstantDarkEnergy #BigCrunch #AlexanderFriedmann

The tug of war between gravity and dark energy:

The energy from the Big Bang drove the universe's early expansion. Since then, gravity and dark energy have engaged in a cosmic tug of war.

Gravity pulls galaxies closer together; dark energy pushes them apart. Whether the universe is expanding or contracting depends on which force dominates, gravity or dark energy

 

 

#gravity #darkenergy