The Dynamics of Gravitationally Bound Systems:

17-09-2024 

Soumendra Nath Thakur

In classical mechanics, gravitational mass (Mɢ) is considered equivalent to matter mass (Mᴍ). However, modern physics recognizes that the gravitational effects of dark matter and dark energy can influence gravitational dynamics, particularly in regions dominated by dark energy, such as at least on the intergalactic scale. Within a gravitationally bound system, typically confined to a zero-gravity sphere, matter mass (Mᴍ) encompasses both normal (baryonic) matter and dark matter. The gravitating mass (Mɢ) represents the total effective mass that governs the gravitational dynamics of such a system. It includes contributions from both normal matter and dark matter, but not the effective mass associated with dark energy, which is primarily dominant in regions beyond the zero-gravity sphere. This comprehensive understanding is crucial for comprehending both the internal dynamics of gravitationally bound systems and the large-scale structure of the universe.

#GravitationalDynamics, #DarkMatter, #DarkEnergy, #GravitatingMass, #ZeroGravitySphere,

Definitions : Extended Classical Mechanics: Apparent Mass, Dark Energy Effective Mass, Effective Acceleration, Effective Mass, Gravitating Mass, Matter Mass

1. Apparent Mass (Mᵃᵖᵖ): A dynamic term that reflects the observed mass of an object under external forces. This mass can appear reduced due to negative effective mass. When a force F acts on an object, causing an increase in acceleration a, a significant negative component in the effective mass Mᵉᶠᶠ (i.e. −Mᵃᵖᵖ) results in an apparent reduction of the observed mass, which can be quantified as negative apparent mass (Mᵃᵖᵖ < 0). This phenomenon is prominent under conditions like high velocities or strong gravitational fields.     

2. Dark Energy Effective Mass (Mᴅᴇ): The effective mass associated with dark energy, which contributes to a repulsive force that influences gravitational dynamics negatively. This concept, introduced in Chernin et al.'s 2013 paper, is reinterpreted in this study as equivalent to negative apparent mass (−Mᵃᵖᵖ). According to the equation Mɢ = Mᴍ + Mᴅᴇ, where Mɢ represents the total gravitational mass, Mᴍ is the matter mass, and Mᴅᴇ is the dark energy effective mass, this formulation underscores the substantial impact of dark energy on the overall gravitational dynamics of the universe.     

      

3. Effective Acceleration (aᵉᶠᶠ): The rate at which an object's velocity changes, influenced by the interplay of positive matter mass (Mᴍ) and negative apparent mass (−Mᵃᵖᵖ). Effective acceleration is determined by the overall effective mass (Mᵉᶠᶠ) of a system, which is the sum of matter mass and negative apparent mass. When the negative apparent mass is significant, it alters the effective mass and thereby affects the acceleration experienced by the object. The relationship is expressed as: F = (Mᴍ − Mᵃᵖᵖ) aᵉᶠᶠ where F is the force applied, Mᴍ is the matter mass, −Mᵃᵖᵖ is the negative apparent mass, and aᵉᶠᶠ is the effective acceleration. This modified effective acceleration accounts for the influence of negative apparent mass on the dynamics of motion.

4. Effective Mass (Mᵉᶠᶠ): A composite term that includes both matter mass (Mᴍ) and negative apparent mass (−Mᵃᵖᵖ). Effective mass can be positive or negative depending on the relative magnitudes of the matter mass and the negative apparent mass.          

5. Gravitating Mass (Gravitational Mass) (Mɢ): The total effective mass that governs the gravitational dynamics of a system. It encompasses both the matter mass and any negative apparent mass, and it is equivalent to the mechanical effective mass (Mᵉᶠᶠ).         

6. Matter Mass (Mᴍ): The mass associated with normal (baryonic) matter and dark matter within a system. It contributes positively to the gravitating mass.

#ApparentMass, #DarkEnergyEffectiveMass, #EffectiveAcceleration, #EffectiveMass, #GravitatingMass, #MatterMass

Research Overview: Extended Classical Mechanics. Vol-1.

17 September 2024

The research, ‘Extended Classical Mechanics’, by Soumendra Nath Thakur offers a comprehensive exploration of the foundational principles of physics, particularly focusing on mass, gravity, and their interactions. The study delves into the Equivalence Principle, a cornerstone of classical mechanics, and extends its application to incorporate contemporary understandings of dark matter and dark energy.

Key Contributions

Redefining Gravitating Mass:

The research introduces a new perspective on gravitating mass, incorporating the concept of negative apparent mass. This challenges the traditional understanding of gravitational interactions, particularly in the context of dark energy.

Introducing Apparent Mass:

The study proposes the concept of apparent mass, a dynamic term that can influence the observed mass of an object under certain conditions. This innovation allows for a more nuanced understanding of mass and its role in gravitational dynamics.

Revisiting Newton's Law:

The research reinterprets Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation to account for the newly introduced concepts of apparent mass and effective mass. This modification provides a more comprehensive framework for understanding gravitational forces.

Integrating Dark Matter and Dark Energy:

The study seamlessly integrates contemporary theories of dark matter and dark energy into the classical mechanics framework. This integration offers a more holistic perspective on the universe's gravitational dynamics.

Methodology and Implications

The research employs a combination of theoretical reinterpretation, mathematical modelling, and numerical simulations to validate its findings. The implications of this work are far-reaching, potentially influencing our understanding of gravitational theory, dark energy, and the overall structure of the universe.

Overall Significance

"Extended Classical Mechanics" presents a significant contribution to the field of physics. By extending the classical framework to incorporate modern concepts, the research offers a more comprehensive and accurate understanding of the universe's fundamental laws. It has the potential to inspire further research and advancements in our understanding of gravity and its implications for cosmology.

Additional Insights

The study's focus on the Equivalence Principle highlights its central role in understanding the relationship between mass and gravity.

The introduction of negative apparent mass provides a new perspective on the nature of mass and its interactions.

The integration of dark matter and dark energy into the classical framework demonstrates the study's relevance to contemporary cosmological theories.

The research's potential implications for gravitational theory and our understanding of the universe's structure underscore its significance

Gravity as a Force and the Misinterpretation of Time Dilation and Spacetime Curvature.

Soumendra Nath Thakur
16 September 2024

Gravity is a fundamental force that attracts objects toward each other, caused by the interaction between masses.

• Gravitational Force: The attraction between two objects.
• Mass: The larger the mass, the stronger the gravitational pull.
• Distance: Gravitational force weakens as the distance between masses increases.
• Earth's Gravity: Keeps objects on the ground and causes them to fall.
• Planets: Gravity holds planets in orbit around the sun.

There are four fundamental forces of nature:

• Gravity: Responsible for keeping planets in orbit and holding us to Earth.
• Electromagnetism: Governs forces such as those keeping a book on a table, where electrons in the table repel those in the book.
• Strong Nuclear Force: One of the fundamental forces.
• Weak Nuclear Force: Critical for nuclear fusion in the sun.

These forces are also known as fundamental interactions.

However, while Albert Einstein proposed that gravity is the curvature of spacetime (a combination of space's three dimensions—length, width, and height—and time), this notion is flawed. Einstein’s theory suggests that more massive objects warp spacetime, creating what we perceive as gravity. Unfortunately, in doing so, Einstein also claimed time is "natural" and subject to dilation (t' > t) under motion or differences in gravitational potential.

This assertion is incorrect. Einstein's work lacked solid experimental support for time dilation. The biased experiments that followed confirmed time dilation only by overlooking the real cause—time distortion due to phase shifts in relative frequencies. Over 128 years, no one has adequately falsified Einstein's theory due to these biased results.

My research scientifically disproves time dilation and provides a correct explanation for time distortion. I demonstrate that 'Relative time emerges from relative frequencies.' The phase shift in relative frequencies, due to infinitesimal energy loss and wavelength elongation caused by relativistic effects or differences in gravitational potential, leads to errors in clock readings, which have been mistakenly interpreted as time dilation.

The phase shift in the oscillation frequency can be used to calculate the magnitude of this time distortion using the following formula:

• For a 1° phase shift: T(deg) = (1/f)/360 = Δt or,
• For an x° phase shift: Δtₓ = x(1/360f₀)

Similarly, Einstein's view of space as a physical entity is mistaken. Space is a set of dimensions (height, depth, and width) in which things exist and move—mathematical concepts rather than physical entities. Experimenters, influenced by bias, accepted gravitational lensing as evidence of spacetime curvature, when it is actually due to the curvature in gravitational fields, not spacetime. My research provides the correct explanation for gravitational lensing.

In this context, the following mathematical presentation explores the behaviour of photons in strong gravitational fields:

• Equations:
• E = hf; ρ = h/λ; ℓₚ/tₚ
• Eg = E + ΔE = E − ΔE; E = Eg
• Eg = E + Δρ = E − Δρ = E; h/Δλ = h/−Δλ
• Eg = E; Δρ =−Δρ; ℓₚ/tₚ

Where: 

• c: Speed of light for photons 

• E: Energy of a photon 
• f: Frequency of a photon 
• h: Planck's constant 
• ℓₚ: The Planck length. 1.6×10⁻³⁵ metres. 
• tₚ: The Planck time.  5.39×10⁻⁴⁴ seconds. 
• Δλ: A change in wavelength of a photon 
• Δρ: A change in momentum of a photon 
• λ: Wavelength of a photon 
• ρ: Momentum of a photon 

These equations demonstrate the consistency of photon energy in gravitational fields and reveal a symmetrical relationship between photon energy and gravitational fields, challenging general relativity’s predictions. This suggests that general relativity is either incomplete or incorrect in this context.

Therefore, Einstein’s notion that gravity is the curvature of spacetime is a flawed presentation, and the relativistic idea that gravity is not a force but a consequence of curved spacetime is incorrect.

#GravityIsForce #TimeDilation #CurvatureInSpacetime is #wrong

Equivalence of Inertial and Gravitational Mass in Classical Mechanics.

15-09-2024

The equivalence principle in classical mechanics posits that inertial mass (Mᴍ) is equal to gravitational mass (Mɢ), i.e., 

Mᴍ = Mɢ.

Given that:

Inertial mass is related to acceleration by:

Mᴍ = F/a

Gravitational mass is expressed as:

Mɢ = Fɢ·r²/G·Mᴍ

Thus, the equivalence principle (Mᴍ = Mɢ) leads to:

F/a = Fɢ·r²/G·Mᴍ

This equation shows that the force (F) causing acceleration (a) due to an object’s inertial mass is equivalent to the gravitational force (Fɢ) exerted by mass (Mᴍ) at a distance (r), scaled by the gravitational constant (G).

Interpretation:

The equivalence principle demonstrates that an object's resistance to acceleration (inertial mass) is indistinguishable from its gravitational interaction (gravitational mass), highlighting the fundamental relationship between gravity and inertia in classical mechanics.

This principle is key to understanding both classical and relativistic physics, illustrating the balance between gravitational and inertial forces through r, a, and G.

#EquivalencePrinciple #ClassicalMechanics