Relativistic Gravitational lensing is based on wrong idea:

06-09-2024

Gravitational lensing is not what Einstein preached and people obeyed. Space can't bend, it can't bend at all, and time can't stretch, but many preconceived people still believe what their God says about time and space. They can't just use their common sense or scientific fundamentals, they are inclined not to verify that Einstein's distorted spacetime is not scientifically valid, but is a pure misconception.

Recent research has begun to question the necessity of spacetime distortion as a fundamental concept of gravitational lensing. Instead, there is increasing recognition of the direct effect of the gravitational field on the motion of objects. where the photon's path bends due to momentum changes rather than intrinsic spacetime curvature.

Relationship between photon properties and wave speed:

E = hf; ρ = h/λ;

Change in photon energy in strong gravitational field:

Eg = E + ΔE = E − ΔE; E = Eg.

Changes in momentum and wavelength due to gravitational effects:

Eg = E + Δρ = E − Δρ = E; h/Δλ = h/−Δλ;

Correspondence of photon energy in gravitational field:

Eg = E; Δρ =−Δρ; ℓₚ/tₚ

"Relative time arises from relative frequency. It is the phase shift of relative frequencies due to the infinitesimal decay of wave energy and the corresponding increase in wavelength of oscillation; which occurs in any clock between relative positions or due to differences in gravitational potential. cause error in reading the time of a clock, which is incorrectly represented as time dilation."

#GravitationalLensing

Evolution and Impact of Dark Energy in the Universe

Soumendra Nath Thakur

ORCiD: 0000-0003-1871-7803

05-09-2024

Dark energy, characterized as the potential energy of the entire universe with negative mass (<0), initially drove cosmic inflation and contributed to the formation of positive mass. Following this period of rapid expansion, dark energy entered a phase of hibernation as the density of gravitational mass surpassed that of dark energy.

As the universe evolved, gravitationally bound galaxies formed from denser regions of gaseous mass, leading to a reduction in the average density of this mass. The subsequent scattering of galaxies altered the motion and gravitational dynamics of the universe, allowing dark energy to regain influence within the spaces between galaxies and galactic clusters.

Currently, dark energy has reasserted its dominance in intergalactic space. The interplay between cosmic motion and gravitational dynamics continues to enhance the effects of dark energy, leading to an accelerated recession of gravitationally bound galaxies.

In a future scenario where the distribution of gravitational mass becomes sufficiently spread across an extensively expanded universe, the generation of dark energy may cease, potentially halting further galactic recession. This reduction in dark energy could allow for the gravitational collapse of dispersed matter, potentially culminating in the formation of a new singularity.

Mathematical Presentation 

Dark Energy Characterization

• Dark Energy:  Eᴅᴇ (Potential energy with negative mass: (Mᴅᴇ<0)

Cosmic Inflation and Formation of Positive Mass

• Total Mass: Mₜₒₜₐₗ =Mᴍ + Mᴅᴇ

• Positive Mass Formation: Mₚₒₛᵢₜᵢᵥₑ > 0 (Contribution to the universe's mass)

Hibernation Phase

• Dominance Condition: ρmatter > ρᴅᴇ

• Where ρₘₐₜₜₑᵣ is the density of gravitational mass 

• ρᴅᴇ is the density of dark energy

Galaxy Formation and Dynamics

• Density Reduction:ρ𝑔𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠_𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 → Decreases 

• Galactic Dynamics: Scattered galaxies alter Fᴜₙᵢᵥ = (Mᴍ + Mᵉᶠᶠᴘᵣₑₛₑₙₜ)⋅aᵉᶠᶠ

Current State

• Dominance in Intergalactic Space: Dark Energy Influence ∝ Space Between Galaxies

• Recession Acceleration: Increased aᵉᶠᶠ → Accelerated Recession of Galaxies

Future Scenario

• Spread of Gravitational Mass: ρ𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟_𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑑 → Uniform Distribution 

• Halted Dark Energy Generation: Eᴅᴇ ceases

• Galactic Recession Halt: No Further Recession

Potential Collapse

• Gravitational Collapse: 

Diminished Dark Energy → Increased Gravity 

• Formation of New Singularity: 

Collapse of Scattered Matter → Singularity Formation

Brief Descriptions

• Dark Energy: Represents the universe's potential energy with negative mass, contributing to inflation and positive mass formation.

• Hibernation Phase: Occurs when the density of gravitational mass exceeds that of dark energy, leading to a period of reduced dark energy influence.

• Galaxy Formation: As galaxies form and scatter, the average density of matter decreases, changing cosmic dynamics and allowing dark energy to regain influence in intergalactic space.

• Current State: Dark energy now dominates intergalactic space, accelerating the recession of galaxies.

• Future Scenario: Once matter is uniformly distributed in an expanded universe, dark energy generation may cease, halting further galactic recession.

• Potential Collapse: Reduced dark energy could result in increased gravitational forces, potentially leading to the collapse of matter into a new singularity.

The concept of negative apparent mass is influenced by the observational concept of negative effective mass of dark energy.

Cite this research

Soumendra Nath Thakur

ORCiD: 0000-0003-1871-7803

05-09-2024

1. Gravitating Mass and Dark Energy: Research Insights

Based on the research paper, "Dark Energy and the Structure of the Coma Cluster of Galaxies" by A. D. Chernin et al., the relationship between gravitating mass, matter mass, and dark energy effective mass is expressed as:

Mɢ = Mᴍ + Mᴅᴇ,

where:

Mɢ: Gravitating Mass

Mᴍ: Matter Mass

Mᴅᴇ: Dark Energy Effective Mass (with Mᴅᴇ<0)

The concept of dark energy effective mass (Mᴅᴇ<0), while not part of classical mechanics, is derived from observational evidence and represents an extension of classical mechanics by incorporating its principles to explain phenomena associated with dark energy, which is widely interpreted as potential energy.

Similarly, the notion of negative effective mass, supported by observational evidence, introduces the mechanical concept of apparent mass in contexts such as gravitational potential or motion, which is also negative and considered potential energy. This concept extends classical mechanics, based on its foundational principles, by recognizing the similarities between dark energy and the generated apparent mass as manifestations of negative potential energy.

2. Integration of Negative Effective Mass with Classical Mechanics

Concept of Negative Effective Mass:

The introduction of the idea of negative effective mass, as in the research paper, "Dark Energy and the Structure of the Coma Cluster of Galaxies" by A. D. Chernin et al., and its connection to the concept of apparent mass in contexts like gravitational potential or motion is explored in various theoretical models, particularly those involving advanced gravitational theory and cosmology. In these models, negative effective mass is used to explain phenomena such as repulsive gravitational effects or specific acceleration conditions.

The explanation that negative effective mass leads to the concept of apparent mass aligns with these frameworks by extending classical mechanics principles to account for these effects.

Consistency with Mechanical Principles:

The study correctly applies classical mechanics principles by explaining that apparent mass in gravitational potential or motion can be considered negative and interpreted as potential energy. This aligns with the classical mechanics notion that potential energy in a gravitational field is often negative due to the convention of setting zero potential energy at infinity.

Similarly, it ties the concept of negative effective mass to mechanical principles, providing a consistent explanation within the extended framework of classical mechanics.

Recognition of Observational Evidence:

The study emphasizes that concepts such as negative effective mass and apparent mass are grounded in observational evidence. This is scientifically consistent as contemporary physics relies on empirical data to validate or modify theoretical frameworks.

Observational evidence, such as the effects attributed to dark energy (e.g., the accelerated expansion of the universe), supports the extension of classical mechanics principles to include phenomena not fully explained by classical models alone.

Avoidance of Ambiguity:

The statement avoids ambiguity by clearly indicating that dark energy effective mass is not part of classical mechanics but represents an extension based on classical principles. This distinction is crucial as it clarifies that while these concepts build on classical ideas, they are not confined to traditional classical mechanics.

The phrasing acknowledges that interpretations like dark energy and the concept of apparent mass in a negative context are forms of potential energy, representing extensions beyond the scope of conventional classical mechanics.

Conclusion:

The study is scientifically consistent because it integrates current interpretations of dark energy and negative mass with classical mechanics principles, aligns with observational evidence, and maintains clarity on the distinction between traditional mechanics and its extensions. This reflects an accurate understanding of how contemporary physics builds upon classical foundations to incorporate new phenomena.

3. Negative Effective Mass and Apparent Mass in Extended Classical Mechanics

Apparent Mass in Motion:

Apparent mass in motion in extended classical mechanics: The force F applied to an object results in acceleration a according to the equation F = Mᴍ·a. Here, acceleration a is inversely proportional to mass Mᴍ (i.e., a ∝ 1/Mᴍ). When a force acts on the object, an increase in acceleration leads to an apparent reduction in mass, characterized as negative apparent mass (Mᵃᵖᵖ<0). Consequently, the effective mass Mᵉᶠᶠ is given by:

Mᵉᶠᶠ = Mᴍ + (−Mᵃᵖᵖ). 

where m is the matter mass and −Mᵃᵖᵖ represents the negative apparent mass. This effective mass Mᵉᶠᶠ influences the effective acceleration aᵉᶠᶠ.

​Consistency in Negative Apparent Mass:

The concept of negative apparent mass (Mᵃᵖᵖ<0) aligns with the dark energy effective mass as discussed in A. D. Chernin et al.'s research paper, "Dark Energy and the Structure of the Coma Cluster of Galaxies." Their study presents the relationship:

Mɢ = Mᴍ + Mᴅᴇ

where Mɢ denotes the gravitating mass, Mᴍ the matter mass, and Mᴅᴇ the dark energy effective mass.

In our study, this relationship is reinterpreted as:

Mɢ = Mᴍ + (−Mᵃᵖᵖ)

where Mɢ represents the gravitational mass, Mᴍ the inertial mass, and −Mᵃᵖᵖ the negative apparent mass. This reinterpretation maintains consistency with the concept of negative effective mass and its implications in extended classical mechanics.

Implications in Classical Mechanics Equations:

4. Application of Apparent Mass in Motion:

In the framework of extended classical mechanics, the concept of apparent mass introduces an extended equation of motion:

F = (Mᴍ −Mᵃᵖᵖ)·aᵉᶠᶠ

F = (Mᵉᶠᶠ)·aᵉᶠᶠ 

where Mᵉᶠᶠ = Mᴍ + (−Mᵃᵖᵖ). Here, Mᵉᶠᶠ represents the combination of matter mass Mᴍ and the negative apparent mass −Mᵃᵖᵖ.

When a force F is applied, it directly affects the effective acceleration aᵉᶠᶠ. Conversely, the effective acceleration aᵉᶠᶠ inversely affects the effective mass Mᵉᶠᶠ.

Since acceleration a is inversely proportional to the matter mass Mᴍ (i.e., a ∝ 1/Mᴍ), increased acceleration leads to an apparent reduction in the matter mass, resulting in an apparent mass Mᵃᵖᵖ <0. Consequently, the effective mass is given by:

Mᵉᶠᶠ = Mᴍ + (−Mᵃᵖᵖ)

Thus, Mᵉᶠᶠ is influenced by the effective acceleration aᵉᶠᶠ. In other words, both the matter mass Mᴍ and the negative apparent mass −Mᵃᵖᵖ are influenced by the effective acceleration aᵉᶠᶠ.

5. Application of Apparent Mass in Gravitational Potential:

In the context of extended classical mechanics, the concept of apparent mass modifies the traditional equation for gravitational potential:

In classical mechanics, the equation is:

F𝑔 = G·(m₁·m₂)/r²

When mass m₁ is elevated to a distance r, the concept of apparent mass Mᵃᵖᵖ (which is negative) alters the effective mass Mᵉᶠᶠ. This apparent mass Mᵃᵖᵖ reduces the effective mass, resulting in an effective mass Mᵉᶠᶠ that combines the matter mass m₁ and the negative apparent mass −Mᵃᵖᵖ<0. In this framework, Mᵉᶠᶠ aligns with the dark energy effective mass Mᴅᴇ as described by A. D. Chernin et al., with the equation:

Mɢ = Mᴍ + Mᴅᴇ

which can be reinterpreted as:

Mɢ = Mᴍ + (−Mᵃᵖᵖ)

Mɢ = Mᵉᶠᶠ 

 Here, Mɢ represents the gravitating mass, Mᴍ is the matter mass, and −Mᵃᵖᵖ denotes the negative apparent mass.

Substituting for Mᵃᵖᵖ, the gravitational force equation becomes:

F𝑔 = G·(Mɢ·M₂)/r², where Mɢ = Mᵉᶠᶠ = Mᴍ + (−Mᵃᵖᵖ)

This equation is consistent with Mɢ = Mᴍ + Mᴅᴇ. Notably, when the magnitude of −Mᵃᵖᵖ exceeds Mᴍ, Mɢ becomes negative.

This approach represents the negative apparent mass (−Mᵃᵖᵖ) and the negative effective mass of dark energy (Mᴅᴇ) as arising from motion and gravitational dynamics, rather than as substances as commonly thought. This reinterpretation of apparent mass aligns with the principles of extended classical mechanics and provides a coherent framework for understanding gravitational interactions.

Reference:

Chernin, A. D., Bisnovatyi-Kogan, G. S., Teerikorpi, P., Valtonen, M. J., Byrd, G. G., & Merafina, M. (2013). Dark energy and the structure of the Coma cluster of galaxies. Astronomy and Astrophysics, 553, A101. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201220781 

ResearchGate URL:https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258737016_Dark_energy_and_the_structure_of_the_Coma_cluster_of_galaxies

Dark energy is a result of motion and gravitational dynamics, rather than being a substance.

Cite this research

Soumendra Nath Thakur

ORCiD: 0000-0003-1871-7803

05-09-2024

ResearchGate Discussion Link

Gravitating Mass and Dark Energy:

Traditional research, such as A. D. Chernin et al.'s work,' Dark energy and the structure of the Coma cluster of galaxies' describes dark energy with the equation Mɢ = Mᴍ + Mᴅᴇ, where Mᴅᴇ is the dark energy effective mass.

We reinterpret this by aligning the concept of dark energy with negative apparent mass −Mᵃᵖᵖ, leading to Mɢ = Mᴍ + (−Mᵃᵖᵖ).

Scientific Consistency:

Negative Apparent Mass and Effective Mass: These concepts are extensions of classical mechanics, derived from motion and gravitational dynamics rather than representing a physical substance.

Integration with Classical Mechanics: The negative effective mass (dark energy) and apparent mass are considered as intangible non-substances resulting from dynamic processes, aligning with the principles of classical mechanics.

Implications for Classical Mechanics Equations:

Motion: In extended classical mechanics, the force equation becomes F =(Mᴍ −Mᵃᵖᵖ)·aᵉᶠᶠ, where Mᵉᶠᶠ = Mᴍ + (−Mᵃᵖᵖ).

Gravitational Potential: The gravitational force equation is modified to F𝑔 = G·(Mɢ·M₂)/r² accounting for both matter mass and negative apparent mass.

Conclusion: Dark energy and negative apparent mass are interpreted as consequences of gravitational dynamics and motion. This framework provides a consistent and coherent explanation for gravitational interactions, extending classical mechanics to account for phenomena associated with dark energy.

Reference: 

Thakur, S. N. (n.d.). The concept of negative apparent mass is influenced by the observational concept of negative effective mass of dark energy. https://soumendranaththakur.blogspot.com/2024/09/the-concept-of-negative-apparent-mass.html

Cite this:: 

Thakur, S. N. (n.d.-a). Dark energy is a result of motion and gravitational dynamics, rather than being a substance. https://soumendranaththakur.blogspot.com/2024/09/dark-energy-is-result-of-motion-and.html

Definitions of Apparent Mass and Effective Mass

Soumendra Nath Thakur

04-09-2024

Apparent Mass

Definition: Apparent mass refers to the situation where the effective mass of an object or system appears to be reduced due to the influence of a negative effective mass term. This concept arises under specific conditions, such as objects in motion or within strong gravitational fields, where the negative effective mass term significantly impacts the system's dynamics. Apparent mass is not exclusively intensive but can manifest under particular circumstances where the negative effective mass plays a prominent role.

Characteristics:

• Negative Effective Mass: Apparent mass is characterized by a negative value when the negative effective mass term is significant. This situation arises in contexts involving mechanical and gravitational dynamics, as well as in phenomena such as dark energy, where the negative contribution influences the system's overall behaviour.

• Conditions for Negative Apparent Mass: Apparent mass becomes negative when the negative effective mass term dominates the system’s overall effective mass. This typically occurs in scenarios involving objects in motion or within strong gravitational fields, especially under extreme gravitational potentials.

Effective Mass

Definition: Effective mass is a composite term that includes both the matter mass and the negative effective mass. It represents the total mass affecting the system's response to applied forces or gravitational influences.

Characteristics:

• Positive or Negative Effective Mass: The effective mass can be either positive or negative depending on the relative magnitudes of the matter mass and the negative effective mass.

• Positive Effective Mass: When the matter mass is greater than the negative effective mass, the effective mass is positive.

• Negative Effective Mass: When the negative effective mass term is significant, or in extreme conditions such as high velocity or strong gravitational fields, the effective mass can become negative.

• Implications: The effective mass determines how an object or system responds to forces or gravitational influences. In classical mechanics, this is reflected in the equation  F = (Mᴍ + Mᵉᶠᶠ)aᵉᶠᶠ, where Mᵉᶠᶠ may include a negative component from apparent mass, which is characterized as negative effective mass.

Example in Context:

• In Motion: When force is applied and acceleration increases, the effective mass can include a negative term, leading to a reduction in the apparent mass. This is captured by the formula F = (Mᴍ + Mᵉᶠᶠ)aᵉᶠᶠ, where Mᵉᶠᶠ may be negative due to the negative effective mass contribution.

• In Gravitational Potential: In gravitational contexts, if the negative effective mass is significant, the effective mass can become negative, affecting the gravitational dynamics. This is described by Mɢ = Mᴍ + (-Mᵉᶠᶠ), where Mᵉᶠᶠ includes the negative apparent mass term.

Summary:

• Apparent Mass: Always represents the negative effective mass term in a system where this negative contribution is significant.

• Effective Mass: A combination of matter mass and negative effective mass, which can be positive or negative depending on the system's conditions.

Apparent Mass Summary:

Definition:

• Apparent Mass refers to the concept of negative effective mass in specific conditions.

Characteristics: 

•It is always negative when the negative effective mass term is dominant, such as in scenarios involving dark energy or extreme gravitational fields.

Effective Mass Summary:

Definition:

• Effective Mass combines matter mass and negative effective mass.

Characteristics:

• Can be positive when matter mass exceeds the magnitude of the negative effective mass.

• Can be negative when the negative effective mass term is significant or in extreme conditions.

Summary

• Apparent Mass: Represents the negative effective mass term.

• Effective Mass: The overall mass affecting the system, including both matter mass and any negative effective mass components.