My ResearchGate Answer 002, to RG Questions:

"The answer is an effect from Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity called the 'gravitational redshift...' "  

<<https://www.nasa.gov/image-article/einsteins-theory-of-relativity-critical-gps-seen-distant-stars/ >>

Your above comment represents a definitive answer to the original question, which is not and needs to be looked at differently. As you note from NASA's observation, "The answer is an effect from Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity called the “gravitational redshift ..." The statement appears to be relativistic bias, because the redshift in light is not the only significance. There are many and not only 'gravitational red shift'. The observations posted by NASA do not reveal the full picture of redshift, and "gravitational redshift" is not the only significant cause of redshift in light.

Redshift is a natural phenomenon caused by various causes, and not significantly due to gravitational redshift, here is a list of causes of redshift in light.

1. Propagation Delay or, Time Delay: First and foremost light should cause its own propagation delay or transmission delay or time delay. Propagation delay is the amount of time required for a signal to be received with light after it is sent; This is caused by the time it takes for the signal to travel through a medium or void in space. Propagation delay is of primary interest in electronic circuit design and computer networking, although all signals will inherently experience some form of propagation delay. As light travels a distance of 1 km in a vacuum, there will be a time delay or delay of 3.33 microseconds (µsec). Time delay (Δt) corresponds to wavelength enlargement Δλ as we know t ∝ 1/f or t ∝ λ. This increase in wavelength will cause a red shift as it accumulates over time.

2. Doppler redshift: As an object moves away from the observer, the light waves emitted by the object are enlarged, causing them to have a lower pitch and moving them towards the red end of the electromagnetic spectrum, where the wavelength of light is longer (λ+Δλ). Blue shift occurs when the phenomenon described above is reversed.

3. Gravitational Redshift: The phenomenon that electromagnetic waves or photons escaping a gravitational well expend their energy resulting in longer wavelengths (λ+Δλ), which shifts the frequency of light towards the red end of the electromagnetic spectrum resulting in gravitational redshift.

4. Photometric Redshift: Photometric redshift is an estimate of the deceleration velocity of an astronomical object such as a galaxy or quasar, where Doppler redshift can replace the deceleration velocity.

5. Cosmic Redshift: The universe is expanding, and that expansion stretches light through interstellar space in a phenomenon known as cosmic redshift. The higher the redshift, the more distance the light has travelled.

By this time, you probably understand why NASA's observation of “gravitational redshift", not just redshift as you seem to present in the existence of different redshifts.

The final redshift is calculated based on the effective redshift, and in this context, one can see my research papers available on my ResearchGate profile.

Besides. Relativistic time or time dilation is not redshift. As time distortion can cause in objects with mass but redshift causes in electromagnetic waves having massless photons.

Best regards

My ResearchGate Answer 001, to RG Questions:

<< Does the GPS technology require SR and GR for precise computation of time and location? >>

The clear answer to this question is no. Space agencies, at least NASA, do not recommend using calculations for time dilation due to motion such as SR or gravitational potential differences such as GR. Instead NASA sponsored research to ensure corrective measurements for GPS time distortions - which causes by a variety of causes, and so NASA implemented the recommendations of research it sponsored decades ago.

I have my own research that reveals wave equations with classical mechanics that would be suitable for solving time distortion problems with GPS satellites.

Note: I used the term "time distortion" instead of "time dilation", also time dilation equations alone are insufficient when applied for practical purposes and certainly for time correction measurements on GPS satellites.

As an electronics engineer, I can say that employing an electronic signal comparator (which costs only one or two cents here in India) on a GPS satellite, can easily measure the time difference compared to ground conditions and suggest the level of comparator error. As for the automatic correction of time distortion required on GPS satellites, this is not a major problem, or even a common one on Earth.

I don't understand why so many knowledgeable persons are so obsessed with time dilation instead of relying on classical mechanics, when classical mechanics and application of wave equations can be a better option to handle such problems than using inadequate time dilation equations. I completely dismiss the idea of time dilation because time is not something to dilate, unless one invites error into it.

BU002: The Continuation of the write-up: Bharat of the Universe - MohaBiswer Bharat:

The write-up of the research 'Bharat of the Universe,' further expands on the initial write-up, delving into the concept of chain synchronized energetic oscillations, the formation of existence through oscillations, progressive and interlaced oscillations, and the creation of multiple-dimensional fields. It culminates by discussing the formation of space and time in the universe through these oscillatory processes. Here's a breakdown of the additional points:

Chain Synchronized Energetic Oscillation from Equilibrium State: This concept refers to a series of synchronized energetic oscillations originating from an energetic point's movement from equilibrium. The resulting coherence among these oscillations generates a strong energetic-gravitational field.

Formation of Existence through Oscillations: The text emphasizes that existence is formed through energetic points oscillating from equilibrium, creating vibrational energy and establishing an infinitesimal existence without adherence to time. It also mentions the formation of existence through chain synchronized energetic oscillations.

Progressive and Interlaced Oscillation: Progressive oscillations occur sequentially in each dimension, while interlaced oscillations involve the progression from one dimension to another, forming multiple dimensions simultaneously.

Formation of Multiple Dimensional Fields: It explains that progressive oscillations create individual dimensions sequentially, while higher dimensions are formed through an interlaced chain of synchronized oscillations, forming all dimensions simultaneously.

Formation of Space and Time in the Universe: It elaborates on the origin of the universe's primordial existence from a non-eventual energy state via chain synchronized energetic oscillations. This led to the creation of multidimensional space, and the transition into events and time occurred through linear dimensional point vibrations, signifying the progression into multidimensional space, events, and time.

These concepts expand upon the interconnected nature of oscillations and their role in shaping existence, dimensions, and the fundamental aspects of the universe, providing a more detailed exploration of the creation and progression of space and time.

BU001: The beginning of the write-up: Bharat of the Universe - MohaBiswer Bharat:

30 Nov 2023

The beginning write-up appears to combine various concepts from mathematics, hypothetical ideas, and classical scientific principles to discuss the nature of existence, oscillations, and the formation of space and time in the universe.

It begins by introducing the abstract nature of a point, emphasizing its mathematical significance as a location marker in space devoid of physical dimensions. Then it delves into the hypothetical idea of an energetic point oscillating from its equilibrium state, suggesting its transformation into vibrational energy and its existence in a non-linear space without adherence to time.

Further, the text transitions to discuss the formation of existence, events, space, and time, indicating the progression from a linear dimensional point's vibration to the creation of multi-dimensional space and the initiation of events and time.

It later introduces the concept of an energetic universe through sinusoidal oscillations in three-dimensional space, highlighting the conversion of positional energy into periodic energy. Finally, it refers to the principles of classical mechanics concerning oscillations, write-up delvesfrequencies, and forces, contributing to the understanding of the universe's fundamental aspects.

In essence, the write-up interconnects mathematical, hypothetical, and classical scientific ideas to explore the fundamental nature and formation of existence, energy, and universes in their basic aspects.

The beginning write-up delves into the conceptual nature of a point, its absence of physical attributes, and its existence within mathematical contexts. 

Some of the key points:

Nature of a Point: In mathematics, a point serves as a location marker in space. It's dimensionless, lacking any length, width, or height. It's merely a reference without physical extension, often indicated by a dot and denoted by an uppercase letter. Energetic Point 

Oscillation: The beginning write-up suggests that when a point oscillates from its equilibrium state, it doesn't follow a linear progression and exists momentarily without adhering to time. This oscillation converts its positional energy into vibrational energy.

Formation of Existence: The transition from a point's linear dimensional existence to vibrating in two-dimensional states results in the creation of two-dimensional space, which further extends into two or three-dimensional space, initiating events and time.

Energetic Universe: Describing sinusoidal oscillation in three-dimensional space, the text portrays this oscillation as generating a periodic signal in the form of a sinusoidal wave. It highlights the conversion of positional energy into periodic energy through sinusoidal or harmonic oscillation, represented by a sine waveform.

Material Universe: Classical mechanics defines linear oscillation as having a single frequency, demonstrating sinusoidal and periodic motion. Harmonic oscillation involves a restoring force proportional to the displacement from its point position, with 'k' being a positive constant.

This passage seems to blend mathematical principles with theoretical concepts from physics, exploring the abstract nature of a point, oscillation, and the emergence of space and time. It incorporates mathematical representations to explain physical phenomena.

Exploration of the Limits of Existence: From the Planck Length to the Cosmic Unknown: Discussion Started October 15

Discussion Started by

Soumendra Nath Thakur Tagore's Electronic Lab. 

October 15, 2023 

"The concept of existence when assumed to be eternal, and therefore, there can't be a starting point for existence, nor an end to the universe

However, it's crucial to consider what existence truly means, social or philosophical understanding doesn't align with how existence is interpreted in the realm of physical science.

Let's explore physical existence in terms of the Planck scale, specifically the Planck length. This scale marks the point where classical notions of gravity and space-time no longer apply, and quantum effects take over. Even before reaching the Planck length, our physical perception becomes ineffective, and we can never fully grasp anything beyond this threshold. The Planck length, approximately 1.616255×10^−35 meters, is defined by physical constants such as the speed of light, the Planck constant, and the gravitational constant. It serves as the limit of physical reality perception.

So, physical reality's inception occurs well before we reach the Planck length, and its end is when it reaches the Planck length. Our physical universe and existence are confined within this Planck threshold. We can't observe or measure anything beyond it, even with advanced technology in the distant future. The Planck length stands as our permanent perceptual limit.

While we may experience gravitational or antigravitational effects from existence beyond our physical perception, such existence holds no meaning within our physical domain because we can't perceive events and time from this imperceptible existence beyond our physical reality.

The notion of a beginning and an end is rooted in our limited perception. The Big Bang and Black Holes, for instance, hypothesize domains beyond our perceptual capabilities. The concept of a beginning and end of physical existence is mathematically possible beyond our perceptible reality.

Therefore, one cannot dismiss the idea of a beginning and an end to existence considering our physical limitations. Furthermore, eternal existence doesn't account for the effects of dark energy and the gravitational influences of black holes, which we can perceive as interactions from the non-existent reality.

It's important to note that the Planck length represents a fundamental limit to our current understanding of physical reality. However, claiming that our physical universe's existence begins and ends strictly at the Planck length might be an oversimplification. While it serves as a lower limit for our perception, it doesn't necessarily define the boundaries of the universe itself.

Furthermore, acknowledging the existence of phenomena beyond our perception, such as dark energy and the gravitational effects of black holes, is essential. These interactions may provide insights into regions of the universe that we can't directly observe.

So it is essential to recognize that scientific understanding of existence and the universe is a complex field that extends far beyond our current comprehension. While the Planck length is a crucial concept, defining the precise boundaries of the universe based solely on it remains a topic of ongoing research and debate. Additionally, accounting for phenomena like dark energy and black holes is crucial in our quest to comprehend the universe fully."

Reality Black Holes Gravitation Dark Energy REACH

William Bray added a reply October 18

The idea that Gravitation fails at the Planck scale is purely hypothetical and not supported by any physical data whatsoever. There is this conception among convention that there exists this mystical magical line between the 'macroscopic' and 'quantum,' where the laws of Physics go out the window and fall into the realm of absurd hypotheses.

There can be no change in the Laws of Physics as a result of scale, save for the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle, which places a lower resolution as 2-Planck lengths [or time intervals], not one. That is the 4pi in dxdt>h/4pi. Dirac assigned 4pui as the convention of two native wave cycles, which at the Planck limit is 2-Planck intervals of {Lp, tp}.

Gravitation, as a result of sign, takes effect at exactly 2-Planck intervals, as Bekenstein defined this as the limit at which one coalesces with a Black Hole Horizon. Gravitation thus is valid at greater than or equal to 2-Planck lengths. There is no magical nor mystical line other than the Bekenstein-Limit; which is the only sensible and Valid Theory on the subject.

The notion of the cosmos being infinite is an even more rarer hypothesis. The universe by convention is regarded as finite: from the 'Big Bang' [lower limit] to the present [upper limit]. There is nothing beyond the present, the future does not exist.

Just the very fact that the upper limit is the present absolutely defines the universe as finite, any system bound by a limit on either side is finite. There is nothing beyond the immediate present, which is a range of values throughout the cosmos, as perceived from our Preferential Frame of Reference here on Earth. Meaning, the upper limit of the present is and was a very different value in the galaxy Andromeda, 2-million lightyears away, or ago, what have you.

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Ahmed M.Elsayed added a reply October 21

Exploring the limits of existence and the unknown in the universe is an interesting topic in theoretical physics and astronomy. There are several theoretical concepts and models that discuss the limits of existence and attempt to explain phenomena that go beyond our current ability to understand and observe. Let's discuss some of these concepts:

1. Planck length: The Planck length is considered one of the smallest possible lengths in the universe according to theoretical physics. It is symbolized by "l_P" and is estimated at approximately 1.6 x 10^-35 metres. It is assumed that nothing with dimensions smaller than this size can be measured or seen. The Planck length may have an important role in studying phenomena intertwined between gravity and quantum physics.

2. The unknown gap: These terms refer to the limited knowledge we have about the universe and its mysterious phenomena. Despite great advances in our understanding of the universe, there are many things we do not yet know, such as the true nature of dark energy and dark matter, the origin and evolution of the universe, and the universe's past before the Big Bang.

3. New physics models: There is a continuous development in theoretical physics to try to explore the limits of existence and understand mysterious phenomena. Among these models, string theory and quantum theory of gravity (black holes) are famous examples. These models seek to unify the fundamental forces of nature and provide a comprehensive description of the universe.

With the development of technology and scientific research, our understanding of the limits of existence and the unknown in the universe may be expanded. This requires continuous improvements in instruments, observations and experiments, as well as continuous interaction between scientists and researchers in different fields.

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Sergey Shevchenko added a reply October 21

Besides the Planck length, lP, there exist two other ultimate Matter’s constants– Planck time, tP, and Planck constant, h, though really more fundamental is the fundamental elementary physical action/angular momentum ћ=h/2π. From these constants really the system of “Planck units” is composed.

Really, as that is rigorously scientifically shown in the Shevchenko-Tokarevsky’s Planck scale informational physical model , 3 main papers are

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354418793_The_Informational_Conception_and_the_Base_of_Physics

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355361749_The_informational_physical_model_and_fundamental_problems_in_physics

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/369357747_The_informational_model_-Nuclear_Force,

- the ultimate base of Matter is the (at least) [4+4+1]4D dense lattice of primary elementary logical structures – (at least) [4+4+1]4D binary reversible fundamental logical elements [FLE], which is placed in the corresponding Matter’s fundamentally absolute, fundamentally flat, fundamentally continuous, and fundamentally “Cartesian”, (at least) [4+4+1]4D spacetime with metrics (at least) (cτ,X,Y,Z, g,w,e,s,ct), FLE “size” and “FLE binary flip time” are Planck length, and Planck time;

- while everything in Matter is/are some specific disturbances in the lattice.

The utmost fundamental constants above reveal themselves as the mainstream physics “fundamental constants” – standard speed of light, c, and Gravitational constant, G, and the Planck constants above are “derived” in the mainstream as some combinations of the mainstream constants; while really the mainstream constants are combinations of the Planck constants, say, c=lP/tP, i.e. since the disturbances in the lattice are some specific sequences of FLE-by-FLE flips, all disturbances so always move in then lattice, and so in the at least utmost universal 4D space with metrics (cτ,X,Y,Z), only with the speed of light. Photons move only in the 3DXYZ space, and so this fact is directly observable.

Etc., more see the linked above papers, where more 30 fundamental physical, including cosmological, problems are either solved or essentially, i.e. when possible rational ways are pointed, clarified; here only a few notes to what is in the thread now:

- Gravity is fundamentally nothing else than some fundamental Nature force; and - as that at all other, known now Weak, Electric and Strong/Nuclear Forces actions, there are no problems with the Forces’ actions quantization – at quantization of Gravity action really there is no fundamental problems as well;

- including the “quantization” happens/observed now on the QM scale, which is on at least a couple of orders by magnitude is “larger” then Planck scale; including in this case Gravity again doesn’t differ from other Forces; and

- there is no “principal” limitations besides that, again, everything in Matter ultimately exists and happens in the FLE lattice, including, say, the Planck mass particles have “radius”/Compton length be equal to one Planck length, and that are only particles that interact only gravitationally; and by no means that are the GR “black holes”, i.e. some “holes in the spacetime”.

Cheers

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