28 September 2023
Photon is energy (hf) rather than inertial mass:
1. Photon expends energy (Δhf) from its intrinsic energy (hf) when exiting a gravitational well. Gravitational redshift is the accumulation of such energy expenditure.
22 September 2023
Phase Shift and Infinitesimal Wave Energy Loss Equations:
Soumendra Nath Thakur¹⁺
Deep Bhattacharjee†
24 September 2023
Abstract:
The research paper provides a mathematical framework for understanding phase shift in wave phenomena, bridging theoretical foundations with real-world applications. It emphasizes the importance of phase shift in physics and engineering, particularly in fields like telecommunications and acoustics. Key equations are introduced to explain phase angle, time delay, frequency, and wavelength relationships. The study also introduces the concept of time distortion due to a 1° phase shift, crucial for precise time measurements in precision instruments. The research also addresses infinitesimal wave energy loss related to phase shift, enriching our understanding of wave behavior and impacting scientific and engineering disciplines.
⁺ Corresponding
Author: ¹ Soumendra Nath Thakur,
¹ Tagore’s
Electronic Lab.
¹ postmasterenator@gmail.com
¹ postmasterenator@telitnetwork.in † itsdeep@live.com
¹† The authors declare no competing interests.
1. Introduction:
The study of phase shift in wave phenomena stands as a cornerstone in physics and engineering, playing an indispensable role in various applications. Phase shift refers to the phenomenon where a periodic waveform or signal appears displaced in time or space relative to a reference waveform or signal. This displacement, measured in degrees or radians, offers profound insights into the intricate behavior of waves.
Phase shift analysis is instrumental in comprehending wave behavior and is widely employed in fields such as telecommunications, signal processing, and acoustics, where precise timing and synchronization are paramount. The ability to quantify and manipulate phase shift is pivotal in advancing our understanding of wave phenomena and harnessing them for practical applications.
This research is dedicated to exploring the fundamental principles of phase shift, unraveling its complexities, and establishing a clear framework for analysis. It places a spotlight on essential entities, including waveforms, reference points, frequencies, and units, which are critical in conducting precise phase shift calculations. The presentation of key equations further enhances our grasp of the relationships between phase angle, time delay, frequency, and wavelength, illuminating the intricate mechanisms governing wave behavior.
Moreover, this research introduces the concept of time distortion, which encapsulates the temporal shifts induced by a 1° phase shift. This concept is especially relevant when considering phase shift effects in real-world scenarios, particularly in precision instruments like clocks and radar systems.
In addition to phase shift, this research addresses the topic of infinitesimal wave energy loss and its close association with phase shift. It provides a set of equations designed to calculate energy loss under various conditions, taking into account factors such as phase shift, time distortion, and source frequencies. These equations expand our understanding of how phase shift influences wave energy, emphasizing its practical implications.
In summary, this research paper endeavors to offer a comprehensive exploration of phase shift analysis, bridging the gap between theoretical foundations and practical applications. By elucidating the complex connections between phase shift, time, frequency, and energy, this study enriches our comprehension of wave behavior across a spectrum of scientific and engineering domains.
2. Method:
2.1. Relationship between Phase Shift, Time Interval, Frequency and Time delay:
The methodological approach in this research involves the formulation and derivation of fundamental equations related to phase shift analysis. These equations establish the relationships between phase shift T(deg), time interval (T), time delay (Δt), frequency (f), and wavelength (λ) in wave phenomena. The derived equations include:
• T(deg) ∝ 1/f: This equation establishes the inverse proportionality between the time interval for 1° of phase shift T(deg) and frequency (f).
• 1° phase shift = T/360: Expresses the relationship between 1° phase shift and time interval (T).
• 1° phase shift = T/360 = (1/f)/360: Further simplifies the equation for 1° phase shift, revealing its dependence on frequency.
• T(deg) = (1/f)/360: Provides a direct formula for calculating T(deg) based on frequency, which can be invaluable in phase shift analysis.
• Time delay (Δt) = T(deg) = (1/f)/360: Expresses time delay (or time distortion) in terms of phase shift and frequency.
2.2. Formulation of Phase Shift Equations:
The methodological approach in this research involves the formulation and derivation of fundamental equations related to phase shift analysis. These equations establish the relationships between phase angle (φ°), time delay (Δt), frequency (f), and wavelength (λ) in wave phenomena. The equations developed are:
· φ° = 360° x f x Δt: This equation relates the phase angle in degrees to the product of frequency and time delay, providing a fundamental understanding of phase shift.
· Δt = φ° / (360° x f): This equation expresses the time delay (or time distortion) in terms of the phase angle and frequency, elucidating the temporal effects of phase shift.
· f = φ° / (360° x Δt): This equation allows for the determination of frequency based on the phase angle and time delay, contributing to frequency analysis.
· λ = c / f: The wavelength equation calculates the wavelength (λ) using the speed of propagation (c) and frequency (f), applicable to wave propagation through different media.
3. Relevant Equations:
The research paper on phase shift analysis and related concepts provides a set of equations that play a central role in understanding phase shift, time intervals, frequency, and their interrelationships. These equations are fundamental to the study of wave phenomena and their practical applications. Here are the relevant equations presented in the research:
3.1. Phase Shift Equations: Relationship between Phase Shift, Time Interval, and Frequency:
These equations describe the connection between phase shift, time interval (T), and frequency (f):
• T(deg) ∝ 1/f: Indicates the inverse proportionality between the time interval for 1° of phase shift T(deg) and frequency (f).
• 1° phase shift = T/360: Relates 1° phase shift to time interval (T).
• 1° phase shift = T/360 = (1/f)/360: Simplifies the equation for 1° phase shift, emphasizing its dependence on frequency.
• T(deg) = (1/f)/360: Provides a direct formula for calculating T(deg) based on frequency.
3.2. Phase Angle Equations:
These equations relate phase angle (φ°) to frequency (f) and time delay (Δt), forming the core of phase shift analysis:
• φ° = 360° x f x Δt: This equation defines the phase angle (in degrees) as the product of frequency and time delay.
• Δt = φ° / (360° x f): Expresses time delay (or time distortion) in terms of phase angle and frequency.
• f = φ° / (360° x Δt): Allows for the calculation of frequency based on phase angle and time delay.
3.3. Wavelength Equation:
This equation calculates the wavelength (λ) based on the speed of propagation (c) and frequency (f):
• λ = c / f:
The wavelength (λ) is determined by the speed of propagation (c) and the frequency (f) of the wave.
3.4. Time Distortion Equation:
This equation quantifies the time shift caused by a 1° phase shift and is calculated based on the time interval for 1° of phase shift T(deg), which is inversely proportional to frequency (f):
• Time Distortion (Δt) = T(deg) = (1/f)/360: Expresses the time distortion (Δt) as a function of T(deg) and frequency (f).
3.5. Infinitesimal Loss of Wave Energy Equations:
These equations relate to the infinitesimal loss of wave energy (ΔE) due to various factors, including phase shift:
• ΔE = hfΔt: Calculates the infinitesimal loss of wave energy (ΔE) based on Planck's constant (h), frequency (f), and time distortion (Δt).
• ΔE = (2πhf₁/360) x T(deg): Determines ΔE when source frequency (f₁) and phase shift T(deg) are known.
• ΔE = (2πh/360) x T(deg) x (1/Δt): Calculates ΔE when phase shift T(deg) and time distortion (Δt) are known.
These equations collectively form the foundation for understanding phase shift analysis, time intervals, frequency relationships, and the quantification of infinitesimal wave energy loss. They are instrumental in both theoretical analyses and practical applications involving wave phenomena.
4.0. Introduction to Time Distortion and Infinitesimal Loss of Wave Energy:
This section introduces two key concepts that deepen our understanding of wave behavior and its practical implications: time distortion and infinitesimal loss of wave energy. These concepts shed light on the temporal aspects of phase shift and offer valuable insights into the energy dynamics of wave phenomena.
4.1. Time Distortion:
The concept of time distortion (Δt) is a pivotal bridge between phase shift analysis and precise time measurements, particularly in applications where accuracy is paramount. Time distortion represents the temporal shift that occurs as a consequence of a 1° phase shift in a wave.
Consider a 5 MHz wave as an example. A 1° phase shift on this wave corresponds to a time shift of approximately 555 picoseconds (ps). In other words, when a wave experiences a 1° phase shift, specific events or points on the waveform appear displaced in time by this minuscule but significant interval.
Time distortion is a crucial consideration in various fields, including telecommunications, navigation systems, and scientific instruments. Understanding and quantifying this phenomenon enables scientists and engineers to make precise time measurements and synchronize systems accurately.
4.2. Infinitesimal Loss of Wave Energy:
In addition to time distortion, this research delves into the intricacies of infinitesimal wave energy loss (ΔE) concerning phase shift. It provides a framework for quantifying the diminutive energy losses experienced by waves as a result of various factors, with phase shift being a central element.
The equations presented in this research allow for the calculation of ΔE under different scenarios. These scenarios consider parameters such as phase shift, time distortion, and source frequencies. By understanding how phase shift contributes to energy loss, researchers and engineers gain valuable insights into the practical implications of this phenomenon.
Infinitesimal wave energy loss has implications in fields ranging from quantum mechanics to telecommunications. It underlines the importance of precision in wave-based systems and highlights the trade-offs between manipulating phase for various applications and conserving wave energy.
In summary, this section serves as an introduction to the intricate concepts of time distortion and infinitesimal loss of wave energy. These concepts provide a more comprehensive picture of wave behavior, offering practical tools for precise measurements and energy considerations in diverse scientific and engineering domains.
4.3. Phase Shift Calculations and Example:
To illustrate the practical application of the derived equations of phase shift T(deg), an example calculation is presented:
Phase Shift Example 1: 1° Phase Shift on a 5 MHz Wave:
The calculation demonstrates how to determine the time shift caused by a 1° phase shift on a 5 MHz wave. It involves substituting the known frequency (f = 5 MHz) into the equation for T(deg).
T(deg) = (1/f)/360; f = 5 MHz (5,000,000 Hz)
Now, plug in the frequency (f) into the equation for T(deg):
T(deg) = {1/(5,000,000 Hz)}/360
Calculate the value of T(deg):
T(deg) ≈ 555 picoseconds (ps)
So, a 1° phase shift on a 5 MHz wave corresponds to a time shift of approximately 555 picoseconds (ps).
4.4. Loss of Wave Energy Calculations and Example:
Loss of Wave Energy Example 1: To illustrate the practical applications of the derived equations of loss of wave energy, example calculation is presented:
Oscillation frequency 5 MHz, when 0° Phase shift in frequency:
This calculation demonstrate how to determine the energy (E₁) and infinitesimal loss of energy (ΔE) of an oscillatory wave, whose frequency (f₁) is 5 MHz, and Phase shift T(deg) = 0° (i.e. no phase shift).
To determine the energy (E₁) and infinitesimal loss of energy (ΔE) of an oscillatory wave with a frequency (f₁) of 5 MHz and a phase shift T(deg) of 0°, use the following equations:
Calculate the energy (E₁) of the oscillatory wave:
E₁ = hf₁
Where:
h is Planck's constant ≈ 6.626 x
10⁻³⁴ J·s .
f₁ is the frequency of the wave,
which is 5 MHz (5 x 10⁶ Hz).
E₁ = {6.626 x 10⁻³⁴ J·s} x (5 x 10⁶ Hz) = 3.313 x 10⁻²⁷ J
So, the energy (E₁) of the oscillatory wave is approximately 3.313 x 10⁻²⁷ Joules.
To determine the infinitesimal loss of energy (ΔE), use the formula:
ΔE = hfΔt
Where:
h is Planck's constant {6.626 x 10⁻³⁴
J·s}.
f₁ is the frequency of the wave (5
x 10⁶ Hz).
Δt is the infinitesimal time
interval, and in this case, since there's no phase shift,
T(deg) = 0°, Δt = 0.
ΔE = {6.626 x 10⁻³⁴ J·s} x (5 x 10⁶ Hz) x 0 = 0 (Joules)
The infinitesimal loss of energy (ΔE) is 0 joules because there is no phase shift, meaning there is no energy loss during this specific time interval.
Resolved, the energy (E₁) of the oscillatory wave with a frequency of 5 MHz and no phase shift is approximately 3.313 x 10⁻²⁷ Joules.
There is no infinitesimal loss of energy (ΔE) during this specific time interval due to the absence of a phase shift.
Loss of Wave Energy Example 2: To illustrate the practical applications of the derived equations of loss of wave energy, example calculation is presented:
Original oscillation frequency 5 MHz, when 1° Phase shift compared to original frequency:
This calculation demonstrate how to determine the energy (E₂) and infinitesimal loss of energy (ΔE) of another oscillatory wave, compared to the original frequency (f₁) of 5 MHz and Phase shift T(deg) = 1°, resulting own frequency (f₂).
To determine the energy (E₂) and infinitesimal loss of energy (ΔE) of another oscillatory wave with a 1° phase shift compared to the original frequency (f₁) of 5 MHz, and to find the resulting frequency (f₂) of the wave, follow these steps:
Calculate the energy (E₂) of the oscillatory wave with the new frequency (f₂) using the Planck's energy formula:
E₂ = hf₂
Where
h is Planck's constant ≈ 6.626 x 10⁻³⁴ J·s.
f₂ is the new frequency of the
wave.
Calculate the change in frequency
(Δf₂) due to the 1° phase shift:
1° is the phase shift.
360° is the full cycle of phase.
f₁ is the original frequency,
which is 5 MHz (5 x 10⁶ Hz).
Δf₂ = (1/360) x (5 x 10⁶ Hz) =
13,888.89 Hz
f₂ = (5 x 10⁶ Hz) - (13,888.89 Hz)
≈ 4,986,111.11 Hz
E₂ ≈ (6.626 x 10⁻³⁴ J·s) x (4,986,111.11 Hz) ≈ 3.313 x
10⁻²⁷ J
h is Planck's constant (6.626 x 10⁻³⁴ J·s).
f₂ is the new frequency (approximately)
4,986,111.11 Hz.
Δt is the infinitesimal time
interval, which corresponds to the phase shift.
·
Periodic
Waveform or Signal (f₁): Refers to the waveform or signal undergoing the phase
shift analysis.
·
Time
Shift (Δt): Denotes the temporal difference or distortion between corresponding
points on two waveforms, resulting from a phase shift.
·
Reference
Waveform or Signal (f₂, t₀): Represents the original waveform or signal serving
as a reference for comparison when measuring phase shift.
·
Time
Interval (T): Signifies the duration required for one complete cycle of the
waveform.
·
Frequency
(f): Denotes the number of cycles per unit time, typically measured in hertz
(Hz).
·
Time
or Angle Units (Δt, θ): The units used to express the phase shift, which can be
either time units (e.g., seconds, Δt) or angular units (degrees, θ, or radians,
θ).
·
Time
Delay (Δt): Represents the time difference introduced by the phase shift,
influencing the temporal alignment of waveforms.
·
Frequency
Difference (Δf): Signifies the disparity in frequency between two waveforms
undergoing phase shift.
·
Phase
Angle (φ°): Quantifies the angular measurement that characterizes the phase
shift between waveforms.
·
Time
Distortion (Δt): Corresponds to the temporal shift induced by a 1° phase shift
and is calculated based on the time interval for 1° of phase shift T(deg) and
frequency (f).
·
Angular
Displacement (Δφ): Denotes the angular difference between corresponding points
on two waveforms, providing insight into phase shift.
·
Speed
of Propagation (c): Represents the velocity at which the waveform propagates
through a specific medium, impacting the wavelength in wave propagation.
·
Infinitesimal
Loss of Wave Energy (ΔE): Denotes the minuscule reduction in wave energy due to
various factors, including phase shift, with equations provided to calculate
these losses.
·
These
entity descriptions serve as the foundation for comprehending phase shift
analysis, time intervals, frequency relationships, and the quantification of
infinitesimal wave energy loss. They are instrumental in both theoretical
analyses and practical applications involving wave phenomena, offering clarity
and precision in understanding the complex behavior of waves.
Summary Paper: Phase Shift Analysis in Wave Phenomena:
Date: 29-09-2023 ORCiD: 0000-0003-1871-7803
Relationships, Calculations, and Implications:
Abstract:
This research paper delves into the fundamental concept of phase shift analysis and its pivotal role in comprehending wave phenomena. With a focus on physics and engineering applications, we explore the intricacies of phase shift, elucidate its entity inputs, and establish its intricate relationship with time intervals and frequencies within waveforms. The central objective is to uncover the underlying equations that define these relationships and unveil their practical significance in diverse scientific and engineering contexts.
In our methodological approach, we meticulously review the established principles and concepts associated with phase shift analysis. We harness this understanding to construct robust equations that encapsulate the dynamics of phase angle, time delay, frequency, and wavelength in wave phenomena.
Key equations unveiled in this research encompass:
- The formulation of phase angle (φ°) in degrees as a function of time delay (Δt) and frequency (f):
- The derivation of time delay (Δt) contingent on phase angle (φ°) and frequency (f):
- The expression of frequency (f) with respect to phase angle (φ°) and time delay (Δt):
- The exploration of wavelength (λ) as a relationship between the speed of propagation (c) and frequency (f):
- Our research further introduces the pivotal relationship between phase shift, time interval, and frequency, notably encapsulated in:
- The elucidation of Time Interval T(deg) for 1° of phase shift T(deg) as inversely proportional to frequency (f):
This study culminates with the derivation of equations facilitating the calculation of time distortion (Δt) and infinitesimal loss of wave energy (ΔE) across a spectrum of scenarios, bolstering their practical utility.
This research offers a comprehensive insight into the realm of phase shift analysis and its paramount relevance in the context of wave phenomena. Our research not only deciphers the intricate interplay between phase shift, time intervals, and frequencies but also equips scientists and engineers with essential tools for precise quantification of phase shift-related phenomena in various scientific and engineering applications.
The ensuing discussion presents an in-depth exploration of the practical implications and applications of the derived equations, highlighting their adaptability and versatility in addressing scientific conundrums across diverse domains. This paper stands as a testament to the enduring significance of phase shift analysis in advancing our understanding of the physical world.
Introduction:
Phase shift analysis is a fundamental concept in physics and engineering that plays a crucial role in understanding wave phenomena. This research paper explores the intricacies of phase shift, its entity inputs, and its relationship with time intervals and frequencies in waveforms. We delve into the equations that underpin these relationships, shedding light on their practical applications.
Method:
The method section outlines the approach taken in this research, which involves a comprehensive review of the concepts and principles associated with phase shift analysis. We also develop equations that describe the relationships between phase angle, time delay, frequency, and wavelength.
Relevant Equations:
Key equations are introduced to describe the relationships between phase shift, time intervals, and frequencies. These equations include:
Phase angle (φ°) in degrees as a function of time delay (Δt) and frequency (f):
φ° = 360° x f x Δt
Time delay (Δt) as a function of phase angle (φ°) and frequency (f):
Δt = φ° / (360° x f)
Frequency (f) as a function of phase angle (φ°) and time delay (Δt):
f = φ° / (360° x Δt)
Wavelength (λ) as a function of the speed of propagation (c) and frequency (f):
λ = c / f
We also introduce a relationship between phase shift, time interval, and frequency:
Time Interval T(deg) for 1° of phase shift T(deg) is inversely proportional to frequency (f):
T(deg) ∝ 1/f
T(deg) = (1/f)/360
Additionally, we derive equations for calculating time distortion (Δt) and infinitesimal loss of wave energy (ΔE) under various scenarios.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of phase shift analysis and its significance in wave phenomena. It elucidates the relationships between phase shift, time intervals, and frequencies, providing essential tools for scientific and engineering applications. The equations derived in this study offer practical means to quantify phase shift-related phenomena.
Discussion:
The discussion section elaborates on the implications and applications of the derived equations, emphasizing their utility in various scientific and engineering contexts. It explores how phase shift analysis can be applied to phenomena such as relativistic effects and gravitational potential differences, demonstrating the versatility of the equations.
References:
1. Thakur, S. N. (2022, October 28). Effect of Wavelength Dilation in Time. - About Time and Wavelength Dilation. https://easychair.org/publications/preprint/M7Zt
2. Thakur, S. N., Samal, P., Bhattacharjee, D., & Das, A. (2023, January 18). Relativistic effects on phaseshift in frequencies invalidate time dilation II. ResearchGate. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.12631.96161
3. Thakur, S. N., Samal, P., & Bhattacharjee, D. (2023, May 19). Relativistic effects on phaseshift in frequencies invalidate time dilation II. https://doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.22492066.v2
4. Thakur, S. N. (2023, September 18). Redshift and its Equations in Electromagnetic Waves. ResearchGate. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.33004.54403
5. Thakur, S. N. (2023, September 12). Relativistic Coordination of Spatial and Temporal Dimensions. ResearchGate. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/373843138_Relativistic_Coordination_of_Spatial_and_Temporal_Dimensions
6. Thakur, S. N. (2023, August 24). Relativistic effects and photon-mirror interaction -energy absorption and time delay. ResearchGate. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.20928.71683
21 September 2023
The medium's reflection is a common phenomenon involving the absorption of photon energy and the release of excess energy by unstable electrons:
Reflection is a philosophical term with no significant mathematical application and physical analysis behind it.
However, what actually happens in reflection is that when a photon enters a transparent medium with a reflective coating surface, it is absorbed by electrons in the atoms of both mediums and converted into electron-energy. This destabilizes the electrons, causing them to release excess energy as they release photons, moving forward until the released photons leave the medium.
Energy absorption, and the energy released by unstable electrons, occurs with almost all media, when photons enter transparent media and strike reflective media, as well as when hitting opaque media - with a variation in excess energy released by electrons after absorption.
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