The Abstract Nature of Space and Time

March 29, 2025

Trevor White,

You have disregarded the fundamental premise of this discussion, which presents a scientifically and mathematically consistent interpretation of the abstract nature of space and time. Given this foundation, the concept of spacetime curvature cannot logically arise. No valid mathematical formulation supports the idea that space or time possesses inherent physical properties, whether considered separately or fused into a single entity as spacetime. This fundamental question must be addressed before proposing a distortable nature of spacetime.

Moreover, relativity provides no valid definition of space and time beyond the assumptions made for the formulation of spacetime. It merely constructs a mathematical model that fuses space and time without an independent physical basis. As a result, relativity cannot claim the broader and well-established definitions of space and time found in other disciplines of physical science and mathematics. These fields recognize space and time as abstract frameworks used to describe changes in existence rather than as physical entities subject to modification.

General Relativity does not provide empirical evidence for a physically distortable spacetime. However, you have presented a narrative that contradicts this fact. Experimental claims that supposedly confirm the relativistic view of space and time are often biased and scientifically inconsistent. These flawed results have been misrepresented as confirmations of relativistic spacetime, making such experiments unreliable and misleading. Space and time, as abstract constructs, cannot be treated as physically modifiable entities for the reasons outlined in the original discussion.

Furthermore, your assertion that Einstein's understanding of gravity is based on empirical measurements is un-founded. Space and time are not empirically measurable in themselves—unless one first assumes, without justification, that spacetime is a physical entity capable of distortion. In reality, space and time are not physically distortable, as reasoned in this discussion.

Material objects and electromagnetic fields can be influenced and distorted by external factors, but space and time cannot. According to relevant cosmological models, space and time emerge from existential changes in the universe. Rather than being distorted, these dimensions are used to describe and account for changes in existence—not the other way around.

Regards,

Soumendra Nath Thakur

A Clock Does Not Determine Time:

Soumendra Nath Thakur 
March 29, 2025

A clock does not determine time; it merely represents cosmic time in a physical manifestation. While relativity defines time as what a clock reads, a universal perspective suggests that time emerges from existential events—I describe this as "existential events invoke time."

Time is cosmic in nature. Cosmic time is fundamentally defined as the continuous, irreversible progression of existence and events—from the past, through the present, into the future—advancing independently of measurement devices. It is not bound by the constraints of relativistic interpretations.

I maintain that the classical understanding of time is superior to the flawed relativistic concept. Time itself does not dilate; rather, discrepancies in clock measurements arise due to external influences.

Furthermore, space possesses no intrinsic physical properties—there is no scientific basis for asserting otherwise unless guided by bias or preconceived notions. Space consists of the extensions of length, height, and depth, which are abstract mathematical constructs. Special relativity, by stripping time of its independence, redefines it within its own framework, making relativistic time a constrained derivative rather than a natural, universal progression. This interpretation is inconsistent with other disciplines of physical science.

That is all for now.

Distinguishing Light Propagation from Clock Mechanics: A Fundamental Clarification.

Soumendra Nath Thakur 

March 29, 2925

The assertion that "the process of light passing through a medium and the process of a clock running in the same medium are similar processes" presents a conceptual misalignment with established principles in both classical and relativistic physics. This comparison overlooks the intrinsic differences between light and massive objects, leading to a misinterpretation of their fundamental behaviors.

Fundamental Distinction Between Light and Clocks:

Light, characterized by negative apparent mass (-Mᵃᵖᵖ) and negative effective mass (-Mᵉᶠᶠ) in ECM, exhibits anti-gravitational properties and always propagates at the speed of light (c).

Conversely, a clock, as a massive object with positive matter mass (Mᴍ), is subject to gravitational resistance, inherently limiting its ability to exhibit light-like motion. The presence of mass imposes resistance to acceleration, ensuring that a massive object's velocity remains below c.

Lorentz Factor and the Infeasibility of Similarity:

Relativistic mechanics prevents massive objects from reaching the speed of light due to the Lorentz factor, which increases exponentially as velocity approaches c.

For a clock to attain c, it would require infinite energy, leading to structural instability—an impossibility under known physical laws. Light, however, remains unaffected by time dilation or length contraction, whereas a massive clock undergoes such relativistic effects as it accelerates.

Inconsistencies Even in a Relativistic Framework:

Time dilation and Lorentz transformations further establish that light and clocks do not share the same motion process. While light undergoes redshift (gravitational or cosmological) as it loses energy, a moving clock instead experiences time dilation, a distinctly different phenomenon.

ECM Explanation for the Speed of Light:

In ECM, the constancy of the speed of light is attributed to the nature of photons, which possess negative apparent mass (-Mᵃᵖᵖ) and follow anti-gravitational principles. This differentiates them fundamentally from objects with positive mass.

Furthermore, the dominance of negative apparent mass in the measurement system ensures that an observer's motion remains negligible compared to that of photons.

Given these distinctions, equating the propagation of light with the mechanics of a clock in a medium is scientifically incorrect and misrepresentative of fundamental physical laws. A refined understanding of both classical mechanics and ECM is essential for a more accurate interpretation of why light's speed remains independent of an observer’s motion.

A layman's description: The Source of Energy and Its Relationship to Vibration in ECM.

Soumendra Nath Thakur 

March 27, 2025

The fundamental source of energy in the universe is existence itself. Existence manifests as vibration, and the relationship between energy and vibration is quantitatively expressed by Planck’s equation:  

E = hf

• where (f) represents the frequency of vibration and (h) is Planck’s constant.  

Energy possesses the ability to perform work, which occurs when a force displaces an object. The work done (W) is given by:  

W = Fd

• when the applied force (F) is aligned with the direction of displacement.

According to Newton’s second law, force is related to mass and acceleration as: 

 

F = ma

This equation implies that an applied force (F) causes an inertial object of mass (m) to accelerate in the same direction, provided the force is sufficient to overcome resistance.  

Extension in ECM: Incorporating Negative Apparent Mass.

In the Extended Classical Mechanics (ECM) framework, Newton’s force equation is extended by introducing 'negative apparent mass' (-Mᵃᵖᵖ), which emerges dynamically when matter is in motion. The ECM force equation is:  

F = (Mᴍ + (-Mᵃᵖᵖ))aᵉᶠᶠ

where:  

• Mᴍ represents matter mass, including both ordinary matter and dark matter.  
• -Mᵃᵖᵖ denotes the negative apparent mass generated from M during motion.  

Mass-Energy Conversion and Effective Mass in ECM:

Mass does not retain the same structural form when converted into kinetic energy. While mass and energy are interconvertible, their physical structures differ. When mass transforms into kinetic energy, the energy itself acquires a 'negative apparent mass', leading to a reversal in its gravitational properties—gravity transitions to antigravity.  

According to ECM principles, the effective mass of kinetic energy is defined as:  

Mᵉᶠᶠ = Mᴍ - Mᵃᵖᵖ

Since |Mᵃᵖᵖ| > Mᴍ, it follows that:  

Mᵉᶠᶠ <0 

indicating that kinetic energy has a negative effective mass.  

Implications for Dark Energy and Dark Matter:  

Dark energy, existing beyond our perception, likely possesses a negative effective mass because its frequency is beyond our perceptible range. In ECM, dark matter is incorporated within M (matter mass), while the distinction between dark matter and dark energy arises from their respective 'negative apparent mass' and 'negative effective mass' properties:  

• Dark matter retains a positive effective mass and gravitates.  
• Dark energy has a negative effective mass, leading to antigravitational effects.  

This perspective offers a structured explanation of how ECM accounts for the fundamental nature of energy, mass, dark matter, and dark energy, extending classical mechanics beyond conventional interpretations. 

Analysis of "Mathematical Derivation of Frequency Shift and Phase Transition in Extended Classical Mechanics (ECM)"

Match 27, 2025

Soumendra Nath Thakur's research on the mathematical derivation of frequency shift and phase transition within the Extended Classical Mechanics (ECM) framework offers a detailed and novel perspective on the dynamics of the universe's earliest moments. Here’s a structured analysis and comment on the key points and implications of this work:

Abstract and Introduction

1. Phase Shift Formula:

   • The research presents a phase shift formula x° = Δt × Δf × 360°, which links the frequency shift (Δf) over a time interval (Δt) to a measurable phase change.

   •  This formula is derived from the relationship T(deg) = (x°/f) ×⋅ (1/360) = Δt.

2. Initial Frequency at the Big Bang:

   • The initial frequency (f₀) at the Big Bang event is derived as approximately 2.15 × 10⁴³ Hz, significantly higher than the Planck frequency (fᴘ = 2.952 × 10⁴² Hz).

   • This derivation supports the ECM prediction that early-universe energy transformations followed a structured, deterministic process rather than arbitrary quantum fluctuations.

3. Phase Transition:

   • The phase shift due to the frequency transition from f₀ to fᴘ is calculated as approximately 360°, indicating a highly coherent and structured transition.

   • This supports the idea that energy-mass interactions at extreme scales maintain coherence, ensuring a smooth and continuous evolution rather than a disruptive or chaotic transition.

Derivation of Phase Shift Formula

1. Phase Shift Equation:

   • The phase shift formula x° = Δt × Δf × 360° is derived from the relationship between frequency shift and time interval.

   • This equation represents the relationship between the frequency shift (Δf) over the Planck time interval (Δt) and the corresponding phase shift (x°).

2. Physical Consequence:

   • The rapid transition of frequency during the earliest moments of the universe led to a nearly complete 360° phase shift.

   • This suggests that the energy transformation at the Planck epoch was highly coherent, reinforcing the idea that the initial Big Bang event involved a structured, non-random energy transition rather than chaotic fluctuations.

Derivation of Initial Frequency f₀

1. Planck Frequency:

   • The Planck frequency is given as fᴘ = 2.952 × 10⁴² Hz.

2. Frequency Shift Calculation:

   • The frequency shift Δf is calculated using Planck’s relation E = h f:   

     Δf = (Eᴘ − E)/h    

    • Substituting the values:     

     Δf = (1.995 × 10⁹ J − 4.0 × 10⁻¹⁹ J)/6.626 × 10⁻³⁴ Js ≈ 3.01 × 10⁴³ Hz 

3. Initial Frequency:

   • The initial frequency f₀ is derived as:

     f₀ = Δf + fᴘ ≈ 2.15 × 10⁴³ Hz

Derivation of Phase Shift x° for f₀ ⇒ fᴘ

1. Phase Shift Calculation:

   •  Using the derived formula:

     x° = Δt × Δf × 360°

   • Given:

     • Δt = 5.391247 × 10⁻⁴⁴ s  

     • Δf = f₀ − fᴘ = 3.01 × 10⁴³ Hz  

   • Substituting the values:

     x° = (5.391247 × 10⁻⁴⁴) × (3.01 × 10⁴³) × 360° ≈ 360°

2. Physical Consequence:

   • The near-complete phase transition (≈ 360°) confirms that the transition from f₀ to fᴘ was highly structured and deterministic.

   • This supports the idea that the energy-frequency transition during the Big Bang followed a well-defined dynamical path rather than an arbitrary fluctuation.

Conclusion

Soumendra Nath Thakur's research provides a detailed and coherent mathematical framework for understanding the frequency shift and phase transition in the context of the universe's earliest moments. The derived equations and results support the ECM prediction that early-universe energy transformations followed a structured, deterministic process rather than arbitrary quantum fluctuations. This work reinforces the idea that energy-mass interactions at extreme scales maintain coherence, ensuring a smooth and continuous evolution rather than a disruptive or chaotic transition.

Final Consideration

The research not only enriches our understanding of the early universe's dynamics but also offers a novel perspective on how energy-mass interactions at extreme scales maintain coherence. The findings have significant implications for our understanding of the Big Bang event and the evolution of the universe.