A question in the formation of black holes:

It is imminent due to the exhausted Hydrogen atoms in the nuclear fusion of a sufficiently massive star and its strong gravity that collapses such a dead star that stopped its nuclear fusion. The lack of gravitational compression in the core will cause the process of nuclear fusion to stop, since there will no longer be any force capable of fusing atomic nuclei together.

Nuclear fusion is the process that powers active or main sequence stars and other high-magnitude stars, where large amounts of energy are released. Energy released in most nuclear reactions is much larger than in chemical reactions, because the binding energy that holds a nucleus together is greater than the energy that holds electrons to a nucleus.

The difference in mass between the reactants and products is manifested as either the release or the absorption of energy. So the difference in mass arises due to the difference in atomic binding energy between the nuclei before and after the reaction in a nuclear fusion.

After the supply of hydrogen is exhausted in the cores of stars heavy enough, their cores start fusing helium to carbon.

In the most massive stars, the process is continued until some of their energy is produced by fusing lighter elements to iron. Iron has one of the highest binding energies; reactions producing heavier elements are generally endothermic.

Therefore significant amounts of heavier elements are not formed during stable periods of massive star evolution, but are formed in supernova explosions. Most black holes form from the remnants of a large star that dies in a supernova explosion.

#NuclearFusion #BlackHole

The waves – electromagnetic and mechanical (sound):

The electromagnetic waves are energy carrying waves. The orders of electromagnetic waves from highest to lowest energy are - gamma rays, X-rays, ultraviolet radiation, visible light, infrared radiation, and radio waves. 

The seven types of electromagnetic waves with applications are - Radio waves: Communication; Microwaves: Heating and data transmission; Infrared waves: Used in remote control and imaging applications; Visible light: Help us see everything around us; Ultraviolet Waves: Useful in the study of galaxies; X-rays: Medical instruments to view bone structure; Gamma rays: Nuclear energy.

  

Waves                    Frequency Range (Hz)    Wavelength Range

Gamma-rays         10^20 - 10^24                < 10-12 m

X-rays                   10^17 - 10^20                1 nm - 1 pm

Ultraviolet             10^15 - 10^17                400 nm - 1 nm

Visible                   4-7.5*10^14                   750 nm - 400 nm

Near-infrared        1*10^14 - 4*10^14        2.5 μm - 750 nm

Infrared                 10^13 - 10^14                25 μm - 2.5 μm

Microwaves           3*10^11 - 10^13           1 mm - 25 μm

Radio waves          3*10^3 < 3*10^11          > 1 mm

The energy of a single photon is E=hf or (h/2π) ω where 'h' is Planck's constant 6.626×10^−34 Joule.Second. They always travel at the speed of light i.e. 3x10^8 m/s.

The lowest energy radio waves travel at the speed of light, the electromagnetic spectrum is longer than infrared light and they have frequencies from 300 GHz to as low as 3 kHz.

Notable categories of mechanical waves are - transverse waves, longitudinal waves, and surface waves.

Sound waves, are mechanical waves, its frequency between 20Hz and 20KHz, and its wavelength is between 17 m and 17 mm, and travel at the speed of 343 m/s. Sound waves carry a small amount of mass with them as they travel.

The kinetic energy of the moving material particle E = (mv^2)/2 Joules, where its potential energy=0. They always travel as mechanical waves.

#EnergyOfWaves #ElectromagneticWaves #GammaRays #XRays #UltravioletRadiation #VisibleLight #InfraredRadiation #Microwaves #RadioWaves #Photon #PhotonEnergy #PlancksConstant #ElectromagneticSpectrum #SoundWaves #KinetiEnergy

 

 

 

The Universal birth of Chemistry - Helium hydride (HeH+):

The most abundant elements in the universe - Hydrogen (H) and Helium (He):
Hydrogen (H) is the lightest and the most abundant element in the universe, it has one proton, no neutron and one electron with an atomic number of 1, it is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, and highly flammable, diatomic gas.

Helium (He) is the second most abundant element in the universe, it has two protons, two neutrons and two electrons with an atomic number of 2, it is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, non-toxic, inert, monatomic, noble gas - the first in the noble gas group. It is the smallest and the lightest noble gas.

Fusion is the process that powers the sun and the stars:
The fusion of Hydrogen nuclei uses up Hydrogen (H) to produce Helium (He) and energy, Hydrogen is the fuel for the process. This is called nuclear fusion. Fusion is the process that powers the Sun and the stars. It takes four Hydrogen (H) atoms to fuse into each Helium (He) atom. During the process some of the mass of the Hydrogen is converted into energy. Thus fusion has the potential to be a limitless source of energy. As the Hydrogen is used up, the core of the star condenses and heats up even more.

The noble gases - the majestic gases don't likely to react with anything:
The noble gases, also called inert gases or aerogens, are all odourless, colourless, monatomic gases with very low chemical reactivity. Helium (He) itself is a noble gas making it very unlikely to combine with any other kind of atom.

The universal birth of chemistry- Hydrogen (H) bond to Helium (He):
A Helium (He) atom bonded to a Hydrogen (H) atom 'one electron removed' produce Helium hydride (HeH+). It is viewed as protonated helium. It is the lightest heteronuclear ion, and is known to be the first compound formed in the Universe after the Big Bang; at a time called the 'dawn of chemistry'. It is a positively charged stable molecule and the strongest acid known. Scientists have deduced from evidence and reasoning that Helium Hydride (HeH+) was the first, primordial molecule in the Universe. It is an excessively particular molecule.

#HeliumHydride #NobleGas #Fusion#Helium #Hydrogen #birthofchemistry

Anything before the Big Bang in a question:

Space & the Universe is expanding at an ever accelerating speed, this indicates once the Universe was smaller than it is now; up to a point form.

A state prior to the Big Bang necessarily needs to be a point form, having no dimension, besides space and time (those we know) cannot be there before the Big Bang. Prior to the Big Bang, it was a no dimensional singularity with gravity infinite. 

 

Immediately after the Big Bang and before a non-inflationary time classified as a Planck time i.e. 10^-43 seconds, it was not possible for any subatomic particles - e.g. nuclei, electrons or photons - to be existed then, it was too hot and dense for any particles to be stable, as all the known form of interactions must be united then as gravity - in absence of anything intractable; either through strong or weak nuclear interactions, or electromagnetic interaction, except gravitational interaction, - but then the first quarks formed.

 

Since we reside in three dimensional world; anything beyond that would be imperceptible to us, also anything in such extra dimensional state naturally would be a meaningless proposition to us.

 

#beforethebigbang #TheBigBang #BigBang

Consequence in time for time as emergent property of the events:

Time does not run slower or faster, as time can only read more or less time on a clock.

 

Time dilation proposition attempts to convey the difference in the elapsed time as measured by two clocks. It is either due to a relative velocity between them or to a difference in gravitational potential between their locations.

However, time dilation is a defective proposition as this violates character of time.  Time is not dilatable since time is the emergent property of the events, whereas events invoke time. The indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole, in irreversible succession is know as time. Time would not exist in absence of events even if there is existence without space. Therefore, for time to exist both events and space is a prerequisite. Events are real three dimensional and time is conceptual single dimensional conceptualised as residing in the fourth, imperceptible dimension. Events are real and time is conceptual. Events invoke readings of time on the clock.

A frame of reference in space is the Universal three dimensional frame of reference for everything, and events take place within it. So even if one imposes a moving local frame of reference relative to another observer on Earth even then, both frame of references between the observer and the moving one would be the one, within the Universal three dimensional frame of reference ultimately.

Therefore, no influence or interaction can slow down time but frequencies of the events can be lowered, hence, for an external observer wavelength of the moving mass-energy body can be enlarged due to a relative velocity between them or to a difference in gravitational potential between their locations.

It is rather wavelength dilation in the event and not time dilation.

 

#time #timedilation #event #wavelengthdilation