Response to Critique on Photon Dynamics in Gravitational Fields: Extended Classical Mechanics

December 05, 2024

Dear Mr. Andrew Marcu,

Thank you for your feedback. While I respect your perspective, I must address the points raised in light of the research I've presented, which is grounded in a robust re-examination of classical and quantum mechanics as applied to photon dynamics in gravitational fields. I maintain your concerns stem from conventional interpretations that this study directly challenges and seeks to refine, not merely re-interpret existing models. Allow me to provide clarifications to address your questions:

Photon Trajectories and Reversibility: The assertion that photon trajectories are inherently reversible is supported by the extended classical mechanics framework that I present. This theory doesn't simply claim that photons "resume their original path" in the traditional sense but rather emphasizes that the photon's momentum remains conserved throughout gravitational interactions. This reversibility can be rigorously described mathematically, as the photon continues its path even after gravitational interaction, resuming its original trajectory when the gravitational influence dissipates. The concept of photon trajectory deviation in gravitational field lensing is acknowledged, but it's reinterpreted within this framework as a consequence of effective mass interactions rather than a violation of photon trajectory preservation.

Intrinsic Energy and Gravitational Interaction: Regarding your comment on photon energy and gravitational redshift, I agree that gravitational redshift implies an energy shift as photons escape a gravitational well. However, the key distinction in my research lies in differentiating between intrinsic energy and gravitational energy. While general relativity emphasizes gravitational redshift, but the photon’s intrinsic energy (E) remains unaltered despite the gravitational influence (Eg) it experiences. This subtle but crucial differentiation challenges the traditional view, offering a deeper understanding of energy conservation in gravitational fields, as reflected in the mathematical framework provided.

Localization of Gravitational Energy and Photon Energy Dynamics: The claim that gravitational energy is localized to the massive body, and that photons retain only their intrinsic energy outside this influence, stems from my reinterpretation of gravitational interaction. Gravitational fields do affect photons universally, but the gravitational energy they interact with is context-dependent. In regions where gravitational influence is zero, the photon’s intrinsic energy predominates. This does not oversimplify the interaction but rather offers an alternative explanation to relativistic models that rely heavily on spacetime curvature. My work explicitly challenges the need for curvature-based explanations by focusing on energy-momentum exchanges that apply even in flat or no curved spaces.

Cosmic Redshift and Energy Loss: The treatment of cosmic redshift in my framework aligns with the concept of energy loss as tied to universal expansion due to the galactic recession, but it differs from the general relativistic interpretation. Instead of seeing this as a purely energy loss phenomenon, my model links this to intrinsic photon dynamics during the large-scale expansion of the universe, emphasizing the long-term energy reduction due to cosmic scale changes. This represents an opportunity for refinement of current theories that blend both quantum and cosmological models in an unprecedented way.

Negative Apparent Mass and Dark Energy: Your comment on the negative apparent mass of photons warrants a detailed clarification. In the context of extended classical mechanics, the concept of negative effective mass emerges from the need to explain the photon’s antigravitational interactions. Photons do not conform to conventional massless particle models. Their interaction with gravity is better explained through their effective mass, which can be negative and leads to phenomena akin to dark energy’s role in accelerating cosmic expansion. This concept, while unconventional, is grounded in a consistent theoretical framework that connects energy and momentum dynamics across both quantum and cosmological scales.

Photon Speed and the Role of Negative Force: The assertion that negative force maintains photon wave speed (c) does not contradict the established physics that the speed of light in a vacuum remains constant. My theory does not suggest the speed of light changes in free space; rather, it proposes that the effective force responsible for maintaining constant speed arises from the photon’s negative apparent mass. This ensures consistency with the constant velocity of light, even as the photon interacts with gravitational fields. The role of negative force is key to maintaining this speed despite the photon’s interactions with gravitational influences.

Negative Effective Mass and Quantum Mechanics: The concept of negative effective mass for photons is a direct extension of the framework where effective mass plays a crucial role in energy-momentum exchanges. While photons are indeed massless in the traditional sense, their interaction with gravity is better explained through effective mass, which can manifest as negative. This extends our understanding of mass and energy in gravitational dynamics and quantum mechanics, offering a fresh perspective that challenges the assumption that photons are simply massless and only influenced by energy.

Constant Photon Acceleration: The assertion that photons experience constant acceleration, with an acceleration value of 6 × 10⁸ m/s², does not conflict with the principles of special relativity. Rather, this constant acceleration reflects the photon’s interaction with gravitational fields and its resultant behaviour in the context of negative effective mass. This idea does not imply a deviation from the speed of light but rather ensures that the photon’s motion adheres to the underlying dynamics of the extended classical mechanics framework.

While I appreciate your critique, it is based on a framework that assumes the validity of traditional interpretations of photon dynamics, which my research actively challenges. The work I present in the study introduces a new, more comprehensive understanding of photon interactions in gravitational fields, supported by both conceptual models and mathematical derivations. I welcome further discussion and empirical exploration to substantiate these novel perspectives and demonstrate their potential for advancing our understanding of fundamental physics.

For a more detailed examination of the concepts presented, I invite you to explore the following series of research papers, which provide deeper insights into the theoretical underpinnings and empirical exploration of these ideas:

1. Extended Classical Mechanics: Vol-1 - Equivalence Principle, Mass and Gravitational Dynamics

2. Dark Energy as a Consequence of Gravitational and Kinetic Interactions: The Dynamic Nature of the Universe

3. Unified Study on Gravitational Dynamics: Extended Classical Mechanics

4. Piezoelectric and Inverse Piezoelectric Effects on Piezoelectric Crystals: Applications across Diverse Conditions

5. Photon Interactions with External Gravitational Fields: True Cause of Gravitational Lensing

6. The Discrepancy between General Relativity and Observational Findings: Gravitational Lensing

7. A Symmetry and Conservation Framework for Photon Energy Interactions in Gravitational Fields

8. Photon Dynamics in Extended Classical Mechanics: Effective Mass, Negative Inertia, Momentum Exchange and Analogies with Dark Energy

9. Photon Dynamics in Extended Classical Mechanics: Effective Mass, Negative Inertia, Momentum Exchange and Analogies with Dark Energy

Best regards,

Soumendra Nath Thakur

Author/researcher

NB: These papers address the theoretical foundations, mathematical formulations, and empirical evidence supporting the revised understanding of photon dynamics, gravitational interactions, and the concept of negative effective mass.

Gravitational Interaction of Photons: An Interpretation through Extended Classical Mechanics

Soumendra Nath Thakur

ORCiD: 0000-0003-1871-7803

December 05, 2024

Abstract

This study presents an extended classical mechanics interpretation of photon behaviour in gravitational fields, emphasizing the reversible nature of gravitational interactions and the preservation of intrinsic photon energy. The photon's energy dynamics are explored through its interactional energy within gravitational influences and its intrinsic energy in zero-gravity regions. The effects of cosmic expansion on photon energy via redshift are also discussed. Notably, the photon exhibits negative apparent and effective masses, producing antigravitational effects akin to dark energy, enabling constant wave speed c. A key insight includes the photon's constant effective acceleration from emission, highlighting its unique momentum and energy dynamics in gravitational contexts. This framework challenges conventional gravitational lensing interpretations, suggesting alternative pathways for unified theories of forces.

Author Comment:

This study synthesizes key conclusions derived from a series of research papers on extended classical mechanics. These papers provide a fresh perspective on established experimental results, challenging traditional interpretations and highlighting potential inaccuracies in previous theoretical frameworks. Through this reinterpretation, the study aims to refine our understanding of fundamental physical phenomena, opening avenues for further exploration and validation.

Keywords: Photon dynamics, Gravitational interaction, Negative mass, Cosmic redshift, Extended classical mechanics,

Reversibility of Gravitational Interaction:

A photon’s interaction with an external gravitational force is inherently reversible. The photon maintains its intrinsic momentum throughout the process and eventually resumes its original trajectory after disengaging from the gravitational field.

Intrinsic Energy (E) Preservation:

The photon's intrinsic energy E, derived from its emission source, remains unaltered despite gaining or losing energy (Eg) through gravitational interaction within a massive body's gravitational influence.

Contextual Gravitational Energy (Eg):

The gravitational interaction energy Eg is a localized phenomenon, significant only within the gravitational influence of a massive body. Beyond this influence, in regions of negligible gravity, the photon retains only its intrinsic energy E.

Cosmic Redshift and Energy Loss (ΔE):

In the context of cosmic expansion, the recession of galaxies causes a permanent loss of a photon's intrinsic energy ΔE due to the cosmological redshift. This energy loss is independent of local gravitational interactions and reflects the large-scale dynamics of the expanding universe.

Negative Apparent Mass and Antigravitational Effects:

The photon's negative apparent mass Mᵃᵖᵖ,ₚₕₒₜₒₙ generates a constant negative force −F, which manifests as an antigravitational effect. This behaviour parallels the characteristics attributed to dark energy in its capacity to resist gravitational attraction.

Wave Speed Consistency (c):

The constant negative force −F, arising from the photon's energy dynamics, ensures the photon’s ability to maintain a constant wave propagation speed c, irrespective of gravitational influences.

Negative Effective Mass:

The photon’s negative effective mass Mᵉᶠᶠ,ₚₕₒₜₒₙ allows it to exhibit properties akin to those of a negative particle. This feature contributes to its unique interaction dynamics within gravitational fields and reinforces its role in antigravitational phenomena.

Constant Effective Acceleration:

From the moment of its emission at an initial velocity of 0m/s, the photon experiences a constant effective acceleration, quantified as aᵉᶠᶠ,ₚₕₒₜₒₙ = 6 × 10⁸ m/s². This acceleration underpins the photon’s ability to achieve and sustain its characteristic speed of light (c), reinforcing its intrinsic energy and momentum dynamics.

#Photondynamics, #Gravitationalinteraction, #Negativemass, #Cosmicredshift, #Extendedclassicalmechanics,

Redshift, Blueshift, and Phase Shifts: A Unified Framework for Time Deviations in Oscillatory Systems Under Motion and Gravitational Effects.

Soumendra Nath Thakur

December 04, 2024

Following reasoning highlights an essential relationship between frequency, wavelength, and period in oscillatory systems, particularly under the influence of redshift (energy loss) or blueshift (energy gain). Here's a formalized explanation:

Key Relationship:

The proportionality (1/f) ∝ λ ∝ T establishes that frequency (f), wavelength (λ), and period (T) are intrinsically linked. Any change in frequency due to a phase shift (Δf) directly affects both wavelength and period, as follows:

• Redshift (Energy Loss):

If a phase shift reduces the frequency (f₀-Δf) = f₂, then: 

λ↑ and T↑

This corresponds to an elongation of the wavelength and an increase in the period (time for one cycle).

• Blueshift (Energy Gain):

If a phase shift increases the frequency (f₀+Δf) = f₃, then:

λ↓ and T↓

This corresponds to a compression of the wavelength and a decrease in the period.

Effect on Clock Time:

Since clock time (T) is derived from the oscillatory system's period, a change in frequency due to energy shifts (redshift or blueshift) will directly influence clock time. Specifically:

1. Redshift/Energy loss:

• Energy is lost (e.g., due to gravitational potential differences or relative velocity).

• Wavelength enlarges (λ↑), and the period lengthens (T↑).

• The clock runs slower compared to a reference frame.

2. Blueshift/Energy gain:

• Energy is gained (e.g., approaching a gravitational source or moving towards the observer).

• Wavelength shortens (λ↓), and the period shortens (T↓).

• The clock runs faster compared to a reference frame.

The relative frequency shift (Δf) resulting from these effects leads to phase shifts, which manifest as errors in time synchronization between clocks. These shifts are governed by:

ΔT = 360°/(f+Δf) − 360°/f.

This discrepancy affects the oscillatory synchronization, causing an observable error in clock readings.

Conclusion:

The phase shift in frequency (f₀ ±Δf) resulting from energy changes unequivocally affects both wavelength and period. This causal relationship ensures that any change in wavelength due to frequency shifts directly impacts clock time. Consequently, oscillatory dynamics influenced by redshift (energy loss) or blueshift (energy gain) manifest as measurable time deviations in clocks under conditions of motion or gravitational influence. A single phase-shift formula for frequency (f₀ ±Δf) can effectively account for these variations across both scenarios, providing a unified approach to analysing time deviations.

By emphasizing the direct and observable relationship between frequency shifts, wavelength changes, and clock time deviations, my approach effectively sidesteps the need for relativistic formulas that rely on abstract interpretations like spacetime curvature. This streamlined framework rooted in physical causality offers a more intuitive and consistent explanation for phenomena like redshift and blueshift, making it a powerful alternative to traditional relativistic models.

"Abstract: Relative time emerges from relative frequencies. It is the phase shift in relative frequencies due to infinitesimal loss in wave energy and corresponding enlargement in the wavelengths of oscillations; which occur in any clock between relative locations due to the relativistic effects or difference in gravitational potential; result error in the reading of clock time; which is wrongly presented as time dilation."

This abstract of the research titled, "Relativistic effects on phaseshift in frequencies invalidate time dilation II" by Soumendra Nath Thakur et al, presents clear and meaningful in its presentation, effectively summarizing the core idea of the research. It encapsulates the relationship between relative frequencies, phase shifts, wave energy loss, and wavelength changes, highlighting their roles in creating errors in clock time readings. Moreover, it challenges the conventional interpretation of these phenomena as time dilation, instead presenting them as measurable and quantifiable effects of oscillatory dynamics under relativistic influences or gravitational potential differences.

For the research by Soumendra Nath Thakur et al., this abstract is appropriate and aligns well with the study's focus on reframing time dilation through a more physically grounded explanation. It clearly conveys the intent to debunk the conventional time dilation narrative while proposing an alternative mechanism rooted in phase shifts and frequency dynamics.

The Nature of Time: Events, Invariance, and Cosmic Progression:

Soumendra Nath Thakur

December 03, 2024

The concept of time is intrinsically linked to events within existence. Without events, time is not invoked. When events occur, time emerges as a means to signify and quantify changes in existence.

The term time represents the progression of these changes—known as events. In mathematics, time is treated as an invariant and abstract concept, independent of events, with its scales remaining constant. This is expressed as:

Δt=Constant

The fundamental purpose of time is to ensure a consistent progression, enabling the relationship between variations in existence, or events.

Attempts to alter the invariance of clock time result in a distortion of time itself. Thus, phenomena such as time dilation represent distortions in clock time, rather than the immutable progress of natural cosmic time.

The unalterable flow of cosmic time cannot be influenced or modified—even by renowned figures like Einstein.

#time #event #existence #invariance

Relativistic Time Distortion and Mechanical Effects: A Unified Perspective on Observed Clock Errors.

Soumendra Nath Thakur

December 03, 2024

The measurement of change inherently signifies the measurement of relative change in a physical event. When events involve time, the relevance lies in the event's change itself and not in the observer, as the observer does not partake in the physical transformation occurring within the event.

At the onset of the measurement, two synchronized clocks—one belonging to the observer and the other to the observed—are calibrated to the same time scale, with both initially positioned within the same reference frame. When the event begins at time t₀, the observed entity separates from the observer, undergoes acceleration, and reaches a specified velocity. Once the event concludes, the observed entity re-joins the reference frame of the observer, and the elapsed time is immediately measured within this unified reference frame.

In this process, the time dimension originates from and returns to a common point for both clocks. However, the elapsed time on the observer's reference clock (t - t₀) is greater than that on the observed clock (t′−t₀), such that t - t₀ > t′−t₀ or equivalently, t<t′. This indicates that the time scale of the observer's clock (t) has effectively increased to the time scale of the observed clock (t′). The difference, Δt = t′−t, reflects this shift, giving the relation t+Δt = t′.

When expressed in angular terms, the scale of the observer’s reference clock is t×360°, while the scale of the observed clock is t′×360°. Since t×360° < t′×360°, the observer's clock cannot accommodate the larger time scale of the observed clock. Consequently, an apparent error arises in the observed clock’s time reading.

Conclusion:

The discrepancy in the observed clock’s time reading is a clear manifestation of time dilation, a relativistic effect arising from the relative motion and differing inertial frames between the observer and the observed. This time distortion, while often treated as unique to relativity, shares conceptual parallels with measurable and predictable errors in clock mechanisms caused by external influences such as temperature fluctuations, mechanical stress, or material deformation. Classical mechanics, through frameworks like Hooke's law, adeptly describe mechanical deformations resulting from external forces, offering a well-established basis for understanding such errors.

However, the relativistic approach to time dilation does not comprehensively account for the forces applied during acceleration when the observed entity separates from the observer, undergoes acceleration, and achieves a specified velocity before re-joining the observer’s reference frame. In these scenarios, the application of force introduces mechanical and energetic interactions that are not flatly addressed in relativistic formulations. This oversight leaves a gap in fully describing the interplay between mechanical effects and relativistic time distortion, suggesting that the errors observed in clock time readings under such conditions might be more broadly understood by integrating principles from both classical mechanics and relativity.

Ultimately, this perspective reframes time distortion not as an isolated phenomenon of relativity but as part of a continuum of physical influences, with classical mechanics providing vital tools for quantifying and contextualizing its effects.

#TimeDilation, #ClockDiscrepancies, #MechanicalDeformation,