Gravitational Lensing is due to gain of momentum of the photon, not for wrapped spacetime:

Summary: A photon exchanges momentum as it bypasses a large gravitational well during transit. The photon experiences a change in momentum and its path is bent as it interacts with the gravitational field. A photon simultaneously gains and loses momentum (p) from a gravitational interaction with a massive object. However, a photon maintains its relative path with speed c and covers the same distance (d) as compared to its constant speed. The curvature of the photon's path is understood in terms of the exchange of momentum experienced by the photon.

You've probably asked the question, "What bends light?" or, “What makes a light source bigger?

1. However, your question is about "gravitational lensing" that bends light and makes the source appear larger, from light that comes from a single star or an entire galaxy..

2. In fact gravitational lensing itself implies that it is a phenomenon of gravitational interaction with light. But relativity misrepresents that such gravitational lensing is due to bent or warped spacetime. However, it should be field interaction. You can see my contention here in my post.

3. Also, I will give an accurate representation of space and time in light of gravitational lensing, that is, the interaction between the gravitational field of matter and the field of electromagnetic photons, and nothing to do with warped space-time.

4. Gravitational-electromagnetic field interaction between the above-mentioned gravitating object and the light photon - which acquires the temporary energy of the photon by increasing the momentum energy of the photon.

5. A photon does not retain newly acquired momentum energy other than its own energy acquired from its source.

6. So the photon releases its newly acquired momentum energy in the form of expended momentum.

7. Accordingly, the photon follows a curved path while maintaining a constant linear-path relative to the moving curved path.

8. The photon simultaneously gains and releases momentum energy until it escapes the gravitational influence of the gravitating object and then maintains its own linear path at the end of its interaction.

9. So the conclusion is, the photon path is not curved for bent or warped spacetime, rather, the photon path is bent during field interaction with another gravitating object, due to the temporary gain of its momentum energy on the way to its destination. Space, time or spacetime are not natural but energy fields are natural, and they act on events to invoke conceptual time.

Note: The momentum of a photon is directly proportional to its frequency and inversely proportional to its wavelength. If the wavelength of a photon is known, its momentum can be calculated using the formula 𝑝 = ℎ 𝜆 . If the frequency of a photon is known, its momentum can be calculated using the formula 𝑝 = ℎ 𝑓 𝑐 .

Photons have momentum, given by p=hλ, where λ is the photon wavelength. Photon energy and momentum are related by p=Ec, where E=hf=hc/λ for a photon

#Gravitationallensing #space #time #GravitationalInteraction #electromagneticinteraction #fieldsinteraction #momentum

Space-time is an imaginary construct. - About Lorentz transformation, relativity, space, time and space-time:

In particular, space-time can emerge from what we normally think of as inhabiting the universe - matter and energy. It's not like we have space and time first and then we add material. Matter and energy need to be a necessary condition for the origin of space and time.

Space-time is an imaginary construct because neither space nor time is natural and therefore not physical. The word natural simply means existing or arising in nature; not made or created by mankind.

Both space and time don't exist in human perception and are not physically perceptible. Space and time, even spacetime exist as thoughts or concepts but do not have a physical or concrete existence. So of course they are not natural.

Space and time never arose from nature but emerged as concepts from physical existence and events respectively, without existence and events, both space and time, as we know them, simply would not emerge; If there was no existence and no event.

Special relativity disregards classical space and time but takes away the independence of time and naturalised time. Hence space-time is wrongly considered natural.

However, taking away the independence of time led to the foundation of special relativity on the wrong basis, and it is now found that the relativistic effect on the phase shift of frequencies invalidates time dilation.

#Lorentztransformation #space #time #relativity #spacetime

Phase shift, Red shift, Wavelength enlargement and time dilation:

Redshift is the consequence of Phase Shift of frequency; corresponding wavelength enlargement, and phaseshift also corresponds to, so called, time dilation.

#phaseshift #redshift #wavelengthdilation #timedilation

Why does the distance between two distant objects increase, which we know as the expansion of space? Answered:

Dark energy has no effect within the influence of gravity, and gravity will have no effect where dark energy dominates.

The effective mass of dark energy <0 causes anti-gravity.

Beyond the gravitational effect of any object, there is a tug-of-war between gravity and anti-gravity. 

The effective mass of dark energy is heavier than the combined mass of ordinary matter and effective mass of dark matter. So antigravity caused by dark energy overcomes gravity.

Therefore, galaxies move away, as if the space between galaxies is expanding.

#expansionofspace #intergalacticscale

Why do decaying particles last longer when moving and when stationary?

Answered the question below: 

''The phase shift in relative frequencies due to infinitesimal loss in wave energy and corresponding enlargement in the wavelengths of oscillations.''

There are interactions between weak interactions and interactions due to relativistic effects, such as gravitational interactions or speed. Speed ultimately increases gravitational potential energy. When any body moves further away, its speed and kinetic energy decrease thereby increasing its gravitational potential energy.

Nuclear decay is the process by which an unstable atomic nucleus loses energy by radiation through the weak interaction. When an unstable atomic nucleus loses energy by radiation, according to Planck's equation E=hf the loss of energy by radiation causes a phase shift in the relative frequency of the atomic nucleus, correspondingly increasing its wavelength.

However, the wavelength distortion due to the phase shift in relative frequency corresponds exactly to the time distortion; By the relation λ∝T, where λ denotes the wavelength and T denotes the period of oscillation of the wave.

This fact answers the question. 'Why do decaying particles last longer when moving and when stationary?'

Reference: https://doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.22492066

#lossofenergy #phaseshift #wavelengthdilation #timedistortio