The accelerated expansion of the universe is explained by the Friedmann equation, derived from Einstein's field equations in general relativity. This equation relates the rate of expansion (Hubble parameter), energy density of universe components (such as matter, radiation, and dark energy), and the geometry of space. The simplified Lambda-CDM model incorporates dark energy effects, resulting in a more accurate understanding of the universe's expansion.
[Author ORCID: 0000-0003-1871-7803]
Time is not considered a form of mass or energy, and mass or energy cannot be transformed directly into time. In physics, time is considered a fundamental dimension or parameter in which events occur. It is often treated as an independent concept that is separate from mass and energy.
In a fixed frame of reference, energy is not covariant but invariant.
However, the Lorentz transformation implies that energy can change when one moves from one reference frame to another, hence, energy is covariant between reference frames.
While logically and physically, the Lorentz transformation is the space-time transformation of special relativity.
According to relativistic law, energy and momentum are transformed under Lorentz transformation.
Therefore, according to the above messages time dilation is a consequence between two reference frames which corresponds to energy conversion.
However, time, whether proper time or relativistic time, is not a form of mass or energy, so mass or energy cannot be transformed into time, as per the law of conservation of energy.
Reference https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/364152/energy-conservation-violation
Alternative Source: Energy and momentum are transformed under the Lorentz transformation in special relativity. The Lorentz transformation describes how physical quantities, including energy and momentum, change when transitioning between different inertial reference frames that are moving relative to each other.
Time dilation is indeed a consequence of relative motion between two reference frames. When an observer is in relative motion with respect to another observer, they will perceive time to be dilated or stretched out compared to the stationary observer. This means that the moving observer's clock will appear to run slower from the perspective of the stationary observer.
The relationship between time dilation and energy can be understood within the framework of special relativity. As an object moves relative to an observer, its energy and momentum are transformed according to the Lorentz transformation. This transformation includes a factor known as the time dilation factor, which is related to the relative velocity between the two frames. The change in energy observed between reference frames can be attributed to the time dilation effect.
Therefore, this physical and mathematical observation raises deep questions about the validity of relativistic time dilation with the application of the Lorentz transformation.
#covariantenergy #invariantenergy #Lorentztransformation
The Friedmann equation includes the Hubble constant to give a much more accurate age of the Universe. In this equation, G is the gravitational constant = 6.67*10-11Nm2/kg2, ρr is the radiation density of the universe, ρm is the matter density of the universe, and ρd is the dark energy density of the universe.
Dark Energy: Simply put, the anti-gravitational effect observed in galaxies and their drift leads to the concept of a mysterious energy called dark energy. Dark energy is usually described by w ≡ P/ρ, where P and ρ denote its pressure and energy density. Dark Energy is un-massive, roughly 10¯²⁷ kg/m³. Dark energy causes repulsive gravity through negative internal pressure.
10¯²⁷ = 0.000000000000000000000000001
Dark Matter: In the simplest terms, the observed extra-gravitational effects on galaxies and their similar behavior, such as unaccounted rotation, lead to the idea of an invisible mass effect called dark matter.
#darkmatter #darkenergy .
Dark energy is not very familiar to us.
But we can also observe the effect of dark energy on the Newtonian gravity of galaxies, especially in very large clusters of galaxies like the Coma Cluster.
Dark energy exists at least in intergalactic space and has effective mass <0.
Since dark energy dominates intergalactic space, Newtonian gravity has no effect where dark energy dominates.
Dark energy has no effect within the gravitational effects of galaxies.
The effect of dark energy is stronger than the effect of gravity, so it pushes away gravitationally bound galaxies or their clusters, mega or superclusters.
Dark energy causes antigravity, and engages in a tug-of-war with gravity, with dark energy always winning.
So antigravity due to dark energy pushes galaxies apart, expanding the distance between galaxies.
Affected galaxies have zero-gravity spheres around them, only outside of which dark energy dominates.
About 68% of the universe is believed to be dark energy.
Acknowledgement: The article is written from my memory of a forgotten reaserh work involving scientists of different countries.
#darkenergy #graviyy #newtonian
