Grounds relevant to time and space:

1. 'Proper time' including 'relative time' is not natural or the event itself but an emerging concept, mathematical in character.

2. 'Space' is not natural or eventual itself but a three- dimensional extent as a mathematical concept.

3. Whether 'spacetime,' which combines three-dimensional Euclidean space and fourth- dimensional time into a four-dimensional manifold, is not natural, nor eventual itself, nor dependent on relativistic effects but a four-dimensional extent as a mathematical concept.

4. Whether time is not distorted due to relativistic effects.

#time #propertime #space #spacetime #concepts #event

Mass frequency equivalence:

Gravitational or inertial mass has an equivalent frequency according to the mass equation m·c^2 = h·f.

f = m·c^2/h

=> kg·(m^2s^-2)/m^2·kg·s^-1

=> s^-1 (Hz.)

The expression s^−1, the reciprocal of one second, is one hertz, it is a SI derived unit.

The unit of mass (m) is kg. Where there is mass there is energy and where there is energy there is mass. The unit of energy (E) is Joule - which, in SI system, is kg⋅m^2⋅s^−2.

Therefore, mass m = E/c^2 (kg⋅m^2⋅s^−2/m^2⋅s^-2) = E/c^2 kg.

#mass #gravitationalmass #inertialmass #frequency

Gamma-ray detection:

Gamma ray sources are notable on Earth, mostly from thunderstorms, nuclear explosions, and radioactive decay.

However, detection of gamma rays from galaxies is very rare, and even if the Fermi Space Telescope does not detect any of them, this does not mean that galaxies do not emit gamma rays.

In support of the first detection of gamma rays from galaxies, I quote from NASA articles titled, "Gamma-ray Astronomy - Imagine the Universe!"

Gamma-ray detection is quoted below,

"The first detection of significant gamma-ray emission from our galaxy was made in 1967 by the the gamma-ray detector aboard the OSO-3 satellite. In fact, OSO-3 also detected the first gamma-rays from outside our galaxy! All told, it detected 621 cosmic gamma rays."

#detectionofgammaray #gammaray

#gammarayburst

Wavelength that electron microscope can see at best:

The entire electromagnetic wave force is carried by photons, and visible light is a small part of the electromagnetic spectrum, also at much lower frequencies, below gamma rays, X-rays, and ultraviolet radiation.

Visible light occupies only frequencies above infrared, microwave and radio waves - the lowest in the electromagnetic spectrum.

Therefore, electron microscopes, if at all, can only see wave frequencies higher than visible light, somewhere in the ultraviolet or, at best, the frequency range with wavelengths of about 10^-10 m.

Whereas, the wavelength of maximum frequency of gamma rays will be about 1.24 x 10^-20 m,

Therefore, the wavelength of gamma rays at the maximum possible frequency is about 10^-10 meters shorter than what most sensitive electron microscopes can see.

However, with no known gamma ray microscope, we see that gamma rays emitted in the early years of the Big Bang are converted to longer wavelengths upon reception, which are detected by Earth-based receivers/antennas or space telescopes. 

Gamma rays can be produced on Earth for experiments, moreover, gamma waves are produced by nuclear explosions, lightning, and less dramatic activity of radioactive decay on Earth.

#electronmicroscope #gamnaray #wavelength

About tiny vibrating strings:

It is thought that the Universe is made up of tiny vibrating strings, smaller than the smallest subatomic particles. Strings are one-dimensional extended entities in physics. In string theory strings are primitive objects and cannot be made of anything. Strings propagate through space and interact with each other.

Wikipedia notes, in physics, a string is a physical entity postulated in string theory and related topics.

Since, a string is a hypothesized physical entity, and so it is actually a suggestion or assumption of its existence as an argument, discussion and a basic principle from which further concepts are developed.

#string #strings