A photon traveling an arc path does not change its displacement time:

Summary: A photon exchanges momentum as it bypasses a large gravitational well during transit. The photon experiences a change in momentum and its path is bent as it interacts with the gravitational field. A photon simultaneously gains and loses momentum (p) from a gravitational interaction with a massive object. However, a photon maintains its relative path with speed c and covers the same distance (d) as compared to its constant speed. The curvature of the photon's path is understood in terms of the exchange of momentum experienced by the photon.

In relativity, a photon is a relativistic particle and it has a relativistic speed. Whereas, the equation 𝑝 = hf/c = ℎ/𝜆, used herein, is not a relativistic equation.

The previous article was titled, "Electromagnetic - Gravitational Interactions between Photons and Gravitational Masses", and by using the equation 𝑝 = hf = ℎ/𝜆, we see that a photon travels an arc path in a strong gravitational field because the photon releases the excess energy gained, by converting this energy into its momentum, as such the photon travels an arc path.

However, since the photon carries its own energy, it should continue its original path and motion in constant speed, but without gaining additional energy in absence of said Electromagnetic - Gravitational field interactions.  

In the image referred here, we see that the photon field, as it enters the strong gravitational field of a massive body at point A, and as it leaves the gravitational field at point B, the photon's path becomes an arc as it leaves the gravitational field at point B. Whereas, its original travel path should have been a straight line unless the photon was subjected to a strong gravitational field.

Therefore, irrespective of the photon travels a straight path (without external influence), or an arc path (with a temporary additional energy) due to the external influence of the gravitational field, the photon intersects both the points A and B at the same time for both of its possible paths, – straight or curved – the relative times taken by the photon remains constant, the only difference in case of curved path is both gaining and losing additional energy converted into the curvature, while the photon maintains its relativistic speed.

Read more MASS DOES NOT WARP THE SPACE-TIME

#ElectromagneticGravitationalInteractions #FieldsInteraction #PhotonInteraction #EnergyExchange

Electromagnetic-gravitational interactions between photon and gravitating mass:

This significant part in the following statement is that the photon releases the energy gained by way of converting it into its momentum. This is the way gained energy by the photon can be made net zero ‘0’ at the end of its interaction with the gravitational field of the massive body, but since the photon do have energy (relativistic mass), so it does have electromagnetic field, more than a gravitational field around it, and so its interaction with the massive body is electromagnetic-gravitational interactions. 

In electromagnetic - gravitational fields’ interactions, the electromagnetic field of a light photon in transit interacts with the gravitational field of a massive celestial body in its transit path. As they exchange energy through their fields, interactions depend upon their masses. This phenomenon appears similar in the phenomenon of “gravity assist” that uses the relative movement and gravity of a massive body or other astronomical object to alter the path of a smaller, bypassing body, however, in case of electromagnetic - gravitational fields’ interactions, the speed of a light photon is constant, so the speed cannot change.

As a result such light photons gain energy in an arch-like order as it passes said gravitational body. Since the light photon, in transit, cannot increase its natural speed so it bounds to increase its energetic frequency, correspondingly, it decreases its wavelength, rather it increases its momentum too, as per relevant behaviour of the photons as per Max Planck (𝑝 = ℎ/𝜆). The light photon doesn’t store the energy that it’s gaining temporarily; rather it releases the energy gained by way of converting it into its momentum, as the photon continues its journey within the gravitational influence of a massive celestial body.

The Above interactions causes gravitational lensing  (not in relativistic view).

Soumendra Nath Thakur

#ElectromagneticGravitationalInteractions #FieldsInteraction #PhotonInteraction #EnergyExchange

Visualizing a universal structure at the absolute zero temperature:

The maximum temperature limit in Kelvin scale is 10^32 K, which is at Planck Length 1.6x 10^-32 metres, but what happens to the photon wave at the absolute temperature in Kelvin scale, i.e. 0K (-273.15°C)? This thinking led me to visualise the universe at absolute temperature. 

This article conveys my visualization of a matter structure made at the absolute zero temperature and the vibrational interactions in the background in constructing such a structure, where thermodynamic temperature is an absolute measure of the average total internal energy of matter.

A state of uniform distribution of energy, especially seen as a potential fate of the universe. This is a consequence of the second law of thermodynamics. For a spontaneous process, the entropy of the universe increases (hotter things always cool unless you do something to stop them). Any spontaneously occurring process will always lead to an increase in the entropy of the universe. The entropy of the universe is a thermodynamic quantity that represents the unavailability of the thermal energy of a system for conversion into mechanical work, often interpreted as the degree of disorder or randomness in the system.

Since the primary consideration here would be the temperature, a fundamental consideration, moreover Max Planck's energy frequency equivalence too would be considered in respect of existential evolution of normal matter in the universe.

It would be inappropriate to consider such a matter structure, in question, to have similarity with the formation of a black hole. As a black hole involves collapsing of normal atoms due to intense gravity - a primary requirement to form a black hole, - therefore, simply reducing temperature of such a matter structure at the absolute zero won't cause intense gravity, nor those atoms in the matter would collapse without intense gravity acting on it. As such a question in relevant formation of a matter structure should not be considered similar to the formation of a black hole.

In view of Max Planck's energy frequency equivalence and since, thermodynamic temperature is an absolute measure of the average total internal energy of matter, an absolute zero temperature would translate that the vibrational frequency of such matter structure lowered in an extreme minimal, where its energy too reduced to an extreme minimum, and there is infinitesimal microgravity acting on it, beyond this threshold temperature anything would reach beyond perception. It is such a condition, exactly opposite to the Planck units. 

Anything, including a reference of -3000°C beyond the threshold of absolute temperature would be beyond the scope of our known laws of physics. It appears to be a condition of heat death of the Universe.

Soumendra Nath Thakur

#MaxPlanck #UniverseAtAbsoluteZeroTemperature #HeatDeath #thermodynamictemperature

My explanation of gravitational lensing (not in relativistic view):

The electromagnetic field of a light photon in transit interacts with the gravitation filed of a massive celestial body between its transit paths, they exchange energy through their fields’ interactions depending upon their masses, as a result such a light photon gains energy in an arch like order as it passes said gravitational body. It is so obvious in the minds of any reasonable scientific persons.

Since the light photon, in transit, cannot increase its natural speed so it bounds to increase its energetic frequency, correspondingly it not only decreases it wavelength rather it increases its momentum too, as per relevant behaviour of photons (𝑝 = ℎ/𝜆).

However, the light photon doesn’t store the energy that it’s gaining temporarily, rather it releases the energy gaining by way of converting it into its momentum, this makes the photon’s path of interaction an arc like, therefore the light photon again continues its journey in a straight path, as soon as it releases temporarily gained energy. This is how gravitation lens work.

#GravitationLens

Brief explanations in expansion, acceleration, dark energy, antigravity etc

Reasonably, a natural thing can physically expand or change in distance, but none can physically expand, say, an idea of addition or deduction or multiplication etc. similarly, not space or time, since space is an infinite three-dimensional extent, where objects and events contain relative position and direction. And dimension is an extension of the abstract concept of mathematics. For example, a line is one-dimensional, a plane is two-dimensional and space is three-dimensional. Therefore, space is not an entity but an abstract concept.

Since space is a concept in extension of height, width and depth, accordingly it is described in the earlier post that space itself cannot expand, but what expanding is the distances among relevant galaxies.

The reason for acceleration is mentioned in the post, "antigravity is stronger than gravity," where dark energy or antigravity cause by dark energy practically has no influence within a galaxy up to the zero gravity sphere around a galaxy. Dark energy rules beyond zero gravity sphere and so antigravity is effective not only beyond a galaxy but also beyond the galaxy's zero gravity sphere around it.

However, what in the background is that the effective mass of dark energy is <0 and so it causes antigravity and the strength of antigravity is stronger than gravity as one approaches towards the edge of the visible universe.

The anti-gravitational field interacts with the gravitational fields of gravitationally bound galaxies - in tug of wars. But there is no effect of dark energy within a gravitationally bound galaxy.

Since effective mass of antigravity is much stronger than the effective matter mass of gravity in the universe, including the dark matter, expansions in the distances among galaxies accelerate as they recede towards the edge of the visible universe, and it is inevitable.

Reference Original Post

#antigravity #expansion #darkenergy #darkmatter