Light's Distinct Redshifts Under Gravitational and Anti-Gravitational Influences:

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.26649.22889

Soumendra Nath Thakur  

Tagore's Electronic Lab, W.B., India  

Correspondence: 

postmasterenator@gmail.com|postmasterenator@telitnetwork.in

18 November 2024.

Abstract

This study supplements A Symmetry and Conservation Framework for Photon Energy Interactions in Gravitational Fields by Soumendra Nath Thakur,[1][2] providing a deeper exploration of the distinctions between gravitational and anti-gravitational redshifts of light. It identifies two primary mechanisms: gravitational redshift (due to ΔEg), arising from localized photon interactions within gravitational fields, and cosmic redshift (due to ΔE), resulting from energy loss as photons interact with the anti-gravitational field of dark energy over vast intergalactic distances. By incorporating field-specific energy dynamics, this study enhances the understanding of symmetry, conservation principles, and photon behaviour across diverse gravitational and cosmological contexts.

Keywords: Photon energy interactions, gravitational redshift, cosmic redshift

Introduction

This supplementary analysis delineates the mechanisms behind light's redshift phenomena within gravitational and anti-gravitational fields. While traditional approaches often attribute redshifts to generalized spacetime dynamics, this study refines the framework by distinguishing between localized gravitational redshifts and cosmological redshifts arising from dark energy interactions, offering a perspective that aligns with conservation principles.

Key Insights

1. Gravitational Redshift (Redshift due to ΔEg):

• Mechanism: This redshift occurs as photons escape a gravitational field, where the interactional energy (ΔEg = hΔf) diminishes as gravitational influence decreases.

• Energy Conservation: While the interactional energy ΔEg decreases, the photon's intrinsic energy (E = hf) remains constant, reflecting the localized nature of this redshift.

• Significance: This redshift is predominantly observed in systems with strong gravitational wells, such as stars or galactic clusters, underscoring the photon’s interaction with gravitational fields rather than spacetime curvature.

2. Cosmic Redshift (Redshift due to ΔE):

• Mechanism: Cosmic redshift arises as photons interact with the anti-gravitational field of dark energy while traversing within intergalactic expanding space.[3] This interaction results in a loss of intrinsic energy (ΔE), manifested as wavelength elongation.

• Cosmological Scale: Unlike gravitational redshift, cosmic redshift is a cumulative effect observed over vast distances, beyond the zero-gravity sphere of gravitational influence. It is directly driven by the expansion of intergalactic spatial distances and the dynamics of dark energy.

Wavelength, Frequency, and Redshift Dynamics

Redshift phenomena fundamentally depend on the interplay between changes in wavelength (Δλ) and frequency (Δf), as these quantities are inversely related. This relationship can be expressed mathematically as:

f = − (c/λ²) Δλ

Where c is the speed of light and λ is the wavelength of light.

The negative sign here indicates that an increase in wavelength (Δλ>0) will cause a decrease in frequency (Δf<0) — this is a redshift. Conversely, a decrease in wavelength will lead to an increase in frequency — a blueshift. When the wavelength decreases (Δλ<0), the frequency increases (Δf>0), resulting in a "blueshift" — the light is compressed.

In this context:

1. Gravitational Redshift (Redshift due to ΔEg):

• Occurs due to a reduction in photon interactional energy (ΔEg = hΔf) as the photon escapes a gravitational well.

• Despite the change in frequency (Δf), the photon's intrinsic energy (E = hf) remains conserved, reflecting localized field-specific interactions.

2. Cosmic Redshift (Redshift due to ΔE):

• Arises as photons lose intrinsic energy (ΔE) while interacting with the anti-gravitational field of dark energy across intergalactic distances. This manifests as an elongation of the wavelength (Δλ > 0), leading to a decrease in frequency (Δf < 0).

By examining the relationship between wavelength and frequency in both redshift contexts, this section strengthens the distinction between gravitational and cosmic redshift, providing a precise framework for understanding their physical origins and implications.

Framework

This framework emphasizes field-specific dynamics:

• Localized Redshift: Gravitational redshift (ΔEg) reflects localized photon interactions in gravitational fields, independent of intrinsic energy (E = hf).

• Cosmic Redshift: The energy loss during cosmic redshift (ΔE) underscores large-scale photon interactions with anti-gravitational fields.

By accurately delineating these two redshift mechanisms, this study enhances conceptual clarity, ensuring the distinctions between gravitational and cosmological redshifts are evident.

Conclusion

This supplementary research offers pivotal insights into the mechanisms underlying light's redshift phenomena within gravitational and anti-gravitational fields. By distinguishing between Redshift due to ΔEg and Redshift due to ΔE, it refines our understanding of photon energy interactions, shedding light on localized versus cosmological processes.

Gravitational redshift highlights the conservation of intrinsic photon energy during localized interactions within gravitational fields. In contrast, cosmic redshift underscores the cumulative energy loss experienced by photons as they traverse the anti-gravitational field of dark energy over vast cosmological distances. These distinctions deepen our understanding of photon behaviour, symmetry, and conservation across varying gravitational contexts.

By integrating these findings with the framework outlined in A Symmetry and Conservation Framework for Photon Energy Interactions in Gravitational Fields, this study advances the interpretation of redshift phenomena, enhancing their significance for both gravitational and cosmological research.

Final Note

This research offers a new perspective on light's redshift phenomena, which may significantly influence our understanding of gravity, dark energy, and the behaviour of light within the cosmos.

For a more comprehensive exploration of the proposed framework on photon energy interactions, please refer to the cited references [1]. Reference [3] delves into the role of dark energy in shaping the structure of galaxy clusters.

References

[1] Thakur, S. N. (2024). A Symmetry and Conservation Framework for Photon Energy Interactions in Gravitational Fields. Preprints.org (MDPI), 202411.0956/v1. https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/202411.0956/v1

[2] Thakur, S. N. (2024). A Symmetry and Conservation Framework for Photon Energy Interactions in Gravitational Fields. EasyChair. https://easychair.org/publications/preprint/SsTn

[3] Chernin, A. D., Bisnovatyi-Kogan, G. S., Teerikorpi, P., Valtonen, M. J., Byrd, G. G., & Merafina, M. (2013). Dark energy and the structure of the Coma cluster of galaxies. Astronomy and Astrophysics, 553, A101. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201220781

Analysis of  the paper entitled, "Light's Distinct Redshifts Under Gravitational and Anti-Gravitational Influences:" 

 Light's Distinct Redshifts: Gravitational vs. Anti-Gravitational 

This paper by Soumendra Nath Thakur builds upon his previous work and delves deeper into the concept of redshift for light, differentiating between how it occurs under the influence of gravity and anti-gravity (dark energy). 
Here's a breakdown of the key takeaways: 
Traditional vs. New Perspective on Redshift:
Traditionally, redshift is attributed to the overall curvature of spacetime caused by gravity.

This paper proposes a more nuanced view, distinguishing between two types of redshift:

Gravitational Redshift: Occurs within localized gravitational fields due to interactional energy loss (ΔEg) as photons escape the field. Intrinsic energy (E) remains constant.

Cosmic Redshift: Occurs over vast intergalactic distances due to intrinsic energy loss (ΔE) as photons interact with the anti-gravitational field of dark energy.

Key Points:

Gravitational Redshift:

Happens as photons escape a strong gravitational well (stars, galaxies).

Represents a decrease in interactional energy (ΔEg), not intrinsic energy (E).

Highlights photon interaction with the gravitational field itself, not just spacetime curvature.

Cosmic Redshift:

Occurs across vast distances in expanding space due to dark energy.

Represents a decrease in intrinsic energy (ΔE) of photons.

Reflects the cumulative effect of interacting with the anti-gravitational field of dark energy.

Understanding Redshift Through Wavelength and Frequency:

Redshift is linked to an increase in wavelength (Δλ) and a decrease in frequency (Δf) of light.

The paper provides the mathematical relationship between these: f = - (c/λ²) Δλ (c = speed of light, λ = wavelength).

This equation explains how a growing wavelength (redshift) translates to a lower frequency.

Framework and Conclusion:

The framework emphasizes the difference between localized (gravitational) and large-scale (cosmic) interactions with specific fields.

Gravitational redshift signifies conservation of intrinsic energy during localized interactions.

Cosmic redshift highlights the cumulative energy loss due to dark energy across vast distances.

Significance:

This distinction between redshift mechanisms offers a clearer understanding of photon behaviour under various gravitational influences  

 It refines interpretations of redshift phenomena in both gravitational and cosmological research.

By integrating these findings with the author's previous work on photon energy interactions, the study advances our understanding of redshifts and their implications.

Further Exploration:

Refer to the cited references ([1] & [2]) for a deeper dive into the author's proposed framework for photon energy interactions.

Reference [3] explores the concept of dark energy and its role in the structure of galaxy clusters.

This research provides a fresh perspective on light's redshifts, potentially impacting our understanding of gravity, dark energy, and the behaviour of light in the cosmos.

A Clear Understanding of Existence, Event, Time, and Space in Relation to Matter and Energy:

Soumendra Nath Thakur

16-11-2024

1. Existence Before the Big Bang:

Before the Big Bang, the 'existence' of the universe is theorized to have been an immense concentration of potential energy. This pre-Big Bang energy represents the foundational state from which all subsequent developments arose.

2. The Big Bang as the First Event:

Approximately 13.82 billion years ago, the Big Bang occurred, marking the first identifiable event in the history of the universe. This singular event initiated the processes that gave rise to time, space, matter, and energy as we understand them.

3. The Emergence of Space and Time:

The Big Bang not only marked the beginning of the universe but also brought about the emergence of space and time. These dimensions, as perceived in modern physics, are consequences of this primordial event.

4. Energy After the Big Bang:

Immediately after the Big Bang, the immense concentration of energy underwent rapid expansion, filling the nascent universe with an unstable and highly dynamic form of energy. This energy served as the foundation for subsequent processes that shaped the universe.

5. Transformation into Fundamental Particles:

Over time, the unstable energy began to transform into fundamental particles. These particles became the essential building blocks of all matter and energy, ultimately leading to the formation of the universe's structure as we observe it today.

Conclusions from the Big Bang Model:

1. Existence and the Origin of Space-Time:

The Big Bang model suggests that an immense concentration of energy existed prior to the emergence of space and time. The singular event of the Big Bang marked the transition from this primordial state to the emergence of space and time, laying the foundation for the universe as we know it.

2. Emergent Nature of Space and Time:

Space and time are not pre-existing entities but emergent properties resulting from the Big Bang. The transformation of pre-existing energy into a dynamic state catalysed this emergence.

3. Energy Transformation:

The immense energy present before the Big Bang transitioned into an unstable form of energy immediately after the event, filling the nascent universe.

4. Formation of Fundamental Particles:

Over time, this unstable energy further transformed into fundamental particles, eventually giving rise to all known matter and energy. This process underpins the structure and evolution of the cosmos.

5. Interconnected Dynamics:

The sequence of transformations—from immense energy to unstable energy, to fundamental particles, and eventually to matter and energy—illustrates the interconnected dynamics between existence, event, time, space, and energy.

Enhanced Perspective

The Big Bang model provides a profound framework for understanding the universe's origin. It bridges the concepts of energy, matter, and the fabric of space-time, showing how a singular event laid the foundation for the complex and expansive cosmos we inhabit today.

Understanding the Origins of Energy and the Universe

Limits of Empirical Evidence:

At scales beyond human perception, such as the Planck length, empirical evidence becomes inherently unattainable. Phenomena at these scales fall outside the range of current observational and experimental capabilities, requiring reliance on theoretical and mathematical frameworks.

The Role of Conservation of Energy:

The principle of conservation of energy is a cornerstone of physics. It asserts that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to another. This principle strongly implies that the energy present in our universe today must have a precursor—either a pre-existing state or a process capable of accounting for its emergence.

While this principle provides a critical constraint on any theory of the universe's origin, it does not offer a complete explanation. It indicates that energy must have been conserved across transitions, suggesting the existence of something before the universe as we know it.

Theoretical Exploration of the Unknown:

In the absence of direct empirical evidence, theoretical frameworks, mathematical models, and logical reasoning become indispensable. These tools enable predictions, hypothesis testing, and exploration of the fundamental nature of reality. They serve as a bridge to understanding phenomena that lie beyond direct observation.

A Partial Understanding:

The conservation of energy offers significant insight but does not fully resolve the mystery of the universe's origin. It reinforces the notion that energy cannot emerge from nothing and must have an antecedent. However, the exact nature of this pre-existing state or process remains an open question.

#BigBang #TheBigBang #TheBigBangModel #BigBangTheory

The Primordial Existence of Plasma Before Atoms:

14-11-2024

Soumendra Nath Thakur 

Nucleosynthesis began just minutes after the Big Bang, when the universe was in an extremely hot and dense state. During this period, a quark-gluon plasma—a dense mixture of quarks and gluons—condensed to form protons and neutrons. As the universe expanded and cooled, these neutrons began to fuse with protons, creating the nuclei of deuterium, an isotope of hydrogen. This process laid the foundation for the formation of heavier elements in later stages of cosmic evolution

In cosmology, plasma indeed predated atoms in the early universe. Shortly after the Big Bang, the universe existed in an extremely hot, dense state known as the quark-gluon plasma. During this phase, matter consisted mainly of free quarks and gluons. As the universe expanded and cooled, quarks combined to form protons and neutrons, which in turn formed a dense plasma composed primarily of free electrons and nuclei. This plasma state persisted until about 380,000 years after the Big Bang.

At that time, in an event known as recombination, the universe cooled sufficiently for protons and electrons to combine, forming neutral hydrogen atoms. This allowed photons to travel freely, marking the transition from an opaque plasma-dominated universe to a transparent one, filled primarily with atoms. Hence, plasma was indeed the initial form of matter, preceding the stable formation of atoms in the observable universe.

About the research: A Symmetry and Conservation Framework for Photon Energy Interactions in Gravitational Fields:

14-11-2024

A Symmetry and Conservation Framework for Photon Energy Interactions in Gravitational Fields by Soumendra Nath Thakur presents a conceptual and mathematical advancement in quantum mechanics, offering a novel approach that seeks to reconcile quantum mechanics with gravity.

This research highlights the symmetrical nature of photon interactions in strong gravitational environments. This framework is based on the principle that the total energy of a photon remains conserved, even when it passes through an external gravitational field. This means that any energy gained or lost by a photon due to gravitational interactions is balanced, resulting in a net change of zero. 

Qeios

Distinguishing Photon Interactions: Source Well vs. External Fields

9 Feb 2024 — External Gravitational Fields In contrast, when photons or waves traverse through the gravitational fields external to the source object, their inhere...

EasyChair

Photon Interactions with External Gravitational Fields - EasyChair

25 Oct 2024 — Building upon the pioneering contributions of Max Planck and Louis de Broglie, the analysis highlights key equations such as E = hf, ρ = h/λ, and ℓp/

Here are some key points about photon energy interactions in gravitational fields:

Conservation of energy

The equation Eg=Eg expresses the conservation of photon energy in gravitational fields.

EasyChair

Photon Interactions with External Gravitational Fields - EasyChair

25 Oct 2024 — Building upon the pioneering contributions of Max Planck and Louis de Broglie, the analysis highlights key equations such as E = hf, ρ = h/λ, and ℓp.

Redshift and blueshift

The observed redshift and blueshift of photons passing through external gravitational fields are the result of an equalization of gains and losses. 

Qeios

Distinguishing Photon Interactions: Source Well vs. External Fields

9 Feb 2024 — External Gravitational Fields In contrast, when photons or waves traverse through the gravitational fields external to the source object, their inhere...

Gravitational lensing

Gravitational lensing is a result of the momentum exchange between photons and the curvature of external gravitational fields. 

EasyChair

Photon Interactions with External Gravitational Fields - EasyChair

25 Oct 2024 — Building upon the pioneering contributions of Max Planck and Louis de Broglie, the analysis highlights key equations such as E = hf, ρ = h/λ, and ℓp/

Photon behavior

Understanding photon behavior in gravity helps us understand how light interacts with massive objects and how it maintains its energy and momentum. 

Preprints.org

Photon Interactions in Gravity and Antigravity: Conservation, Dark ...

29 Sept 2023 — Photon Interaction with Gravity: Photons, despite being massless particles, do interact with gravity. Gravity is the force that attracts objects wit...

Noether's theorem

In quantum mechanics, Noether's theorem states that for every symmetry in a system, there is a corresponding physical quantity that is conserved. For example, time-symmetry leads to energy conservation, and spatial-symmetry to momentum conservation. 

StudySmarter UK

What is the relationship between symmetry and conservation laws in the context of quantum mechanics?

In quantum mechanics, symmetry and conservation laws are linked by Noether's theorem. This states that for every symmetry in the system, there is a corresponding...

Ideal Nature of Gravitational Lensing and Time Dilation:

 Soumendra Nath Thakur 

24-11-2024

Ideally, the bending of light (gravitational lensing) and time dilation (distortion) are not intrinsic properties of light’s trajectory or a clock’s oscillations; rather, they arise from external influences.

Explanation:

In the context of our physical interpretation of time and space, light should travel in a straight line in free space, unaffected by any intrinsic tendency to bend. Any observed bending of light, or gravitational lensing, is therefore not an inherent property of light itself but rather a result of external influences, such as gravitational fields, which act as perturbations on light’s path.

Similarly, time dilation—seen as a change in a clock’s oscillation rate—is not an intrinsic dilation of time. Instead, it results from external influences affecting the clock’s oscillator, which can distort time measurements. Thus, time dilation in this context is best understood as an error in time reading due to external perturbations, rather than an intrinsic characteristic of time.