31 October 2023

Time Unveiled: A Journey through Hominin Evolution to the Nature of Time Perception:

Soumendra Nath Thakur, 

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.31696.07680

Abstract:

This paper embarks on an extraordinary journey across millennia, unveiling humanity's profound relationship with time. Commencing with the emergence of hominins approximately 6 million years ago, it sheds light on the dynamic epochs they traversed and introduces the concept of the Anthropocene era. This exploration uncovers archaeological treasures, including Homo fossils dating back approximately 2.8 million years, offering invaluable insights into our ancestral history.


The journey proceeds by marking pivotal milestones, such as the emergence of Homo habilis and Homo rudolfensis around 2.3 million years ago, leading to the diversification of our species. Human cognition's rise approximately 1.8 million years ago unlocked the potential for intricate societies. The subsequent emergence of primitive Homo sapiens around 300,000 years ago, followed by anatomically modern Homo sapiens approximately 200,000 years ago, underscores the remarkable evolutionary strides that have molded our species.


The narrative then transitions to the relatively recent past, as modern Homo sapiens appeared around 100,000 years ago, leaving behind traces of symbolic expressions. However, this journey transcends mere biology, delving into humankind's intellectual relationship with time. From the ancient clocks and sundials of 1500 BC to the profound philosophical insights of the Ancient Greeks, including Aristotle's definition of time, the paper showcases humanity's enduring quest to comprehend the elusive nature of time.


The evolution of timekeeping unfolds as mechanical clocks emerged in the 13th century, culminating in the groundbreaking invention of the pendulum clock in 1656. Enlightenment thinkers, between 1775 and 1825, expanded the horizons of time's definition. The 19th century introduced innovations such as electric and quartz clocks, with 1901 witnessing the establishment of the Engineering Standards Committee, globally synchronizing time.


The narrative then enters the epoch of Einstein's relativity theories, fundamentally transforming our comprehension of time with concepts like dilation and relativistic effects. The scientific definition of time continued to evolve within the framework of four-dimensional spacetime, as proposed in 1908, expanding our understanding of the universe.


In the contemporary era, pendulum clocks gave way to synchronous electric clocks in the 1930s, while the advent of atomic clocks, starting with the use of the ammonia molecule in 1949, set new standards in precision time measurement. In 1960, the cesium frequency officially defined the second as an SI base unit, significantly enhancing global time standards.


The paper concludes with a provocative revelation in 2023, challenging conventional views of time dilation and proposing a concept of wavelength dilation driven by relativistic effects. In a final exploration, the paper delves into the human psyche's role in time perception, highlighting its sensory, neurological, and chemical underpinnings.


"Time Unveiled" harmonizes scientific and philosophical insights into the nature of time with humanity's relentless pursuit of knowledge. This comprehensive journey leaves an enduring impact on how we perceive time.


Keywords: Time Perception, Human Cognition, Relativity, Ancient Clocks, Atomic Clocks, Time Standards, Time,


  • ORCiD: 0000-0003-1871-7803
  • postmasterenator@gmail.com
  • Tagore’s Electronic Lab, India
  • Date: 29-10-2023

Introduction:

The concept of time has intrigued humanity for millennia. From the emergence of our earliest ancestors to the profound revelations in modern physics, this chapter delves into the rich tapestry of human experience with time. Spanning across millions of years, this exploration is a testament to our evolving understanding of time's essence.

Hominin Evolution (6 million years ago to Holocene)

Our journey through time begins with the emergence of hominins around 6 million years ago. These early human ancestors marked the dawn of a new era, paving the way for the evolution of the Miocene, Pliocene, Pleistocene, and Holocene epochs. The Anthropocene, a term proposed to describe the current geological era, looms on the horizon.

Earliest Homo Fossils (2.8 million years ago)

The narrative transitions to a fascinating archaeological discovery—the earliest Homo fossils dated to approximately 2.8 million years ago, represented by the specimen LD 350-1 from Ethiopia. These remains offer a glimpse into our ancient past and the origins of the Homo lineage.

Homo habilis and Homo rudolfensis (2.3 million years ago)

A new phase unfolds as Homo habilis and Homo rudolfensis, our earliest named species, make their entrance around 2.3 million years ago. These hominins represent crucial milestones in the story of human evolution.

Emergence of Human Cognition (1.8 million years ago)

The narrative then turns to a profound transformation in human history— the emergence of human-like cognition. As early as 1.8 million years ago, our ancestors began to exhibit remarkable cognitive abilities, setting the stage for the development of complex societies.

Primitive Homo sapiens (300,000 years ago)

Fast forward to 300,000 years ago, and we encounter the emergence of primitive Homo sapiens. These archaic humans laid the foundation for further developments in our evolutionary journey.

Anatomically Modern Homo sapiens (200,000 years ago)

Around 200,000 years ago, anatomically modern Homo sapiens appeared on the scene. These humans closely resemble modern humans in terms of physical characteristics, marking a significant leap in our evolutionary path.

Modern Homo sapiens (100,000 years ago)

With a timeline now reaching 100,000 years ago, we witness the appearance of modern Homo sapiens. These humans closely resemble us and began to shape the world in more recognizable ways.

Symbolic Behavior in Homo sapiens (100,000 years ago)

Around the same period, we discover rare evidence of symbolic behavior in Homo sapiens. These symbolic expressions provide a unique window into the cognitive and creative capacities of our ancient ancestors.

Ancient Observations of Time

To comprehend the human experience with time, we turn our attention to ancient practices related to timekeeping and philosophical perspectives.

Ancient Clocks and Time Measurement (1500 BC)

Our journey through time takes a detour to ancient Egypt around 1500 BC, where the earliest known clocks, such as sundials and water clocks, first made their appearance. These rudimentary devices represent humanity's early efforts to measure and understand time.

Ancient Greek (1200 BCE to 323 BCE) Views on Time

Ancient Greek thinkers recognized the duality of time, distinguishing between chronological time (chronos) and subjective time (kairos). The profound insights of these philosophers laid the groundwork for subsequent discussions on time perception.

Aristotle's Definition of Time (384 BC—322 BC)

The philosophy of time as explored by Aristotle, one of history's most influential thinkers, provides an important lens through which we can understand humanity's early conceptions of time.

Evolution of Timekeeping

As civilization progressed, so did our methods for measuring and understanding time. This section explores the milestones in timekeeping.

First Mechanical Clocks (13th Century)

During the 13th century, tower clocks began to emerge in Europe, marking the birth of mechanical timekeeping devices that would later shape modern clocks and watches.

Invention of Pendulum Clock (1656)

In 1656, Christiaan Huygens, a Dutch polymath, designed and built the world's first pendulum clock. This invention revolutionized timekeeping, providing unprecedented accuracy.

Various Definitions of Time (1775 to 1825)

Between 1775 and 1825, various philosophers and scientists engaged in thought-provoking debates about the nature and definition of time, from a scientific and philosophical perspective.

Electric Clocks and Quartz Clocks (1840)

The 19th century brought significant innovations in timekeeping, with the development of electric and quartz clocks, which paved the way for highly accurate and reliable timepieces.

Time Standards (1901)

In 1901, the Engineering Standards Committee was established in London, a pivotal moment in the history of time standards that would synchronize time across the globe.

Einstein's Relativity and Modern Timekeeping

Albert Einstein's groundbreaking theories introduced entirely new dimensions to our understanding of time.

Time in Special and General Relativity (Einstein's Theories) (1905-1916)

Einstein's revolutionary theories of special and general relativity upended our conventional understanding of time, introducing concepts like time dilation and the relativity of simultaneity.

Scientific Definition of Time (1908)

The scientific community grappled with defining time in the context of four-dimensional spacetime, as proposed in 1908, further expanding our comprehension of the universe.

Modern Timekeeping and Cutting-Edge Research

The narrative continues to the contemporary era, exploring the latest advancements in timekeeping and challenges to established notions.

Replacement of Pendulum Clocks

In the 1930s and 1940s, domestic pendulum clocks were replaced by synchronous electric clocks, marking a shift toward greater accuracy in timekeeping.

Atomic Clocks (1949)

The introduction of atomic clocks in laboratory settings, notably the use of the ammonia molecule in 1949, revolutionized precision time measurement.

Time Standard SI Base Units (1960)

The establishment of the second as an SI base unit, measured using the cesium frequency, enhanced the uniformity and precision of time standards worldwide.

Relativistic Effects on Time Dilation (2023)

The narrative concludes with a contemporary perspective, challenging the conventional understanding of time dilation. A paper titled "Relativistic Effects on Phase Shift in Frequencies Invalidate Time Dilation" by Thakur, Soumendra Nath; Samal, Priyanka; Bhattacharjee, Deep (2023) offers a thought-provoking perspective. The paper suggests that what we commonly interpret as time dilation is, in fact, a manifestation of wavelength dilation driven by relativistic effects, rather than a mere shift in time. This groundbreaking insight opens new avenues for understanding the fundamental nature of time and its behavior in the cosmos.

Human Psychology in Time Perception

Our exploration of time culminates with an examination of time perception, a fundamental aspect of human awareness influenced by sensory processing, brain function, and chemical factors like dopamine.

Discussion

The paper "Time Unveiled: A Journey through Hominin Evolution to the Nature of Time Perception" takes the reader on a comprehensive exploration of time – from the dawn of humanity through the lens of hominin evolution to the intricacies of human time perception in the modern era. This discussion section provides a deeper reflection on the key findings, implications, and the broader significance of the journey through time described in the paper.

1. Understanding Human Evolution through Time:

The paper's journey begins with the emergence of hominins approximately 6 million years ago and follows the evolutionary path spanning millions of years, highlighting the critical epochs such as the Miocene, Pliocene, Pleistocene, and Holocene. The Anthropocene is proposed as a geological era following the Holocene. This detailed exploration provides valuable insights into the complex process of human evolution and the forces that shaped our species. It underscores the significance of understanding our past as we consider our place in the world today.

2. Ancient Clocks and Philosophical Perspectives:

The paper also delves into the historical aspects of timekeeping and philosophical interpretations of time. The development of early time measurement methods like sundials and water clocks in ancient Egypt and the philosophical discussions by ancient Greek thinkers such as Aristotle are key components of the journey. These sections shed light on how ancient civilizations grappled with the concept of time, emphasizing the time's intrinsic connection to human culture and society.

3. Evolution of Timekeeping:

As human civilization advanced, so did our methods of measuring and understanding time. The advent of mechanical clocks in the 13th century, the invention of the pendulum clock by Christiaan Huygens in 1656, and the debates about the definition of time between 1775 and 1825 all represent milestones in our evolving relationship with time. The paper underscores the importance of technological progress in refining our ability to measure and manage time effectively.

4. Einstein's Relativity and Scientific Definitions:

The narrative takes a significant leap with Albert Einstein's theories of relativity, which introduced entirely new dimensions to our understanding of time. Special and general relativity concepts like time dilation and the relativity of simultaneity challenge our conventional views. Additionally, the scientific community's efforts to define time as part of the four-dimensional spacetime framework (proposed in 1908) further expanded our comprehension of the universe. These sections highlight the crucial role of scientific advancements in reshaping our understanding of time.

5. Modern Timekeeping and Challenges:

The paper discusses how modern timekeeping methods have replaced older technologies, including the shift from pendulum clocks to synchronous electric clocks in the 1930s and 1940s. The introduction of atomic clocks in 1949 and the standardization of the second as an SI base unit in 1960 mark significant advancements in the field. Finally, the contemporary perspective challenging the conventional understanding of time dilation, as presented in a paper from 2023, adds an element of debate and skepticism to the field.

6. Time Perception and Human Awareness:

The journey concludes with an exploration of time perception, a fundamental aspect of human consciousness shaped by sensory processing, brain function, and chemical factors. This section underscores the profound interplay between the human mind and time and emphasizes the role of subjective experiences in shaping our understanding of time.

In a contemporary context, the paper titled "Relativistic Effects on Phase Shift in Frequencies Invalidate Time Dilation" by Thakur, Soumendra Nath; Samal, Priyanka; Bhattacharjee, Deep (2023) challenges the conventional understanding of time dilation. This groundbreaking insight suggests that what we commonly interpret as time dilation is, in fact, a manifestation of wavelength dilation driven by relativistic effects, rather than a mere shift in time. This paper opens new avenues for understanding the fundamental nature of time and its behavior in the cosmos.

The combined narrative provides a holistic view of humanity's journey through time, from our ancient ancestors to the cutting-edge scientific discoveries of the modern era. It invites readers to contemplate the interconnectedness of human evolution, cultural practices, scientific progress, and the enigmatic nature of time perception. This paper serves as an invitation to further explore the intricate tapestry of time, unveiling its profound influence on the human experience.

Conclusion

"Time Unveiled" has taken us on a captivating voyage through time, unearthing the intricate layers of human existence as it intertwines with the profound concept of time. This exploration has unraveled the tapestry of time, from the dawn of our species to the intricacies of our perception of it, leaving us with a profound appreciation of the multifaceted nature of temporal awareness.

Our journey commenced by tracing the footsteps of our earliest ancestors, the hominins, who emerged around 6 million years ago. We witnessed the transformative epochs of the Miocene, Pliocene, Pleistocene, and Holocene, with the prospect of the Anthropocene beckoning on the horizon. This evolutionary odyssey elucidated the forces that have molded our species over millennia, granting us insight into our shared heritage.

As we ventured further, we uncovered the ancient practices of time measurement, where sundials and water clocks graced the sands of Egypt, illuminating humanity's earliest endeavors to quantify the elusive notion of time. The musings of ancient Greek philosophers, such as Aristotle, introduced us to the philosophical subtleties of time, delineating the distinctions between chronos and kairos, chronological and subjective time, and laying the foundation for further philosophical inquiries.

The evolution of timekeeping ushered us into the realm of mechanical clocks during the 13th century, a pivotal moment that foreshadowed the intricate timekeeping devices of the future. Christiaan Huygens' invention of the pendulum clock in 1656 revolutionized our ability to measure time with unprecedented accuracy, and the debates between 1775 and 1825 brought forth a multitude of perspectives on the definition of time.

With Albert Einstein's theories of relativity, we encountered a paradigm shift. The fabric of time itself was warped as we delved into the notions of time dilation and the relativity of simultaneity. The scientific community's endeavors to define time as part of a four-dimensional spacetime framework expanded our horizons, transcending the classical boundaries of temporal comprehension.

Our voyage culminated in the modern era of timekeeping, where the reliability and precision of time measurement took center stage. The replacement of pendulum clocks by synchronous electric counterparts in the 1930s and 1940s marked a transformative era. The introduction of atomic clocks and the standardization of the second as an SI base unit in 1960 represented a quantum leap in timekeeping precision. In the contemporary landscape, our conventional understanding of time dilation was challenged, calling into question the very essence of time itself.

The exploration of time perception provided a poignant finale to our journey, emphasizing the symbiotic relationship between human consciousness, sensory processing, brain function, and the influence of chemical factors like dopamine. Time, as perceived by the human mind, is a multifaceted phenomenon shaped by these intricate interactions.

In a contemporary context, the paper titled "Relativistic Effects on Phase Shift in Frequencies Invalidate Time Dilation" by Thakur, Soumendra Nath; Samal, Priyanka; Bhattacharjee, Deep (2023) challenges the conventional understanding of time dilation. This groundbreaking insight suggests that what we commonly interpret as time dilation is, in fact, a manifestation of wavelength dilation driven by relativistic effects, rather than a mere shift in time. This paper opens new avenues for understanding the fundamental nature of time and its behavior in the cosmos.

In conclusion, "Time Unveiled" has not only chronicled the historical and scientific facets of time but has also invited us to contemplate the profound interplay between our understanding of time and our existence. The journey through the epochs of human evolution, the intricacies of timekeeping, and the profound nature of time perception underscores the central role time plays in our lives. Time is not just a dimension; it is the very essence of our conscious experience. This paper is a testament to humanity's unceasing quest to unravel the mysteries of time, constantly pushing the boundaries of our comprehension of the universe and the fundamental nature of existence. As we close this chapter, we are left with a sense of wonder, a reminder of how our perception of time shapes our understanding of the world and ourselves. The journey through time continues, ever unfolding, always unveiling new mysteries and insights.

References:

[1] The Order of Time by Carlo Rovelli. 

[2] Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind by Yuval Noah Harari. 

[3] The Beginning of Infinity Explanations That Transform the World by David Deutsch.

[4] The Fabric of the Cosmos: Space, Time, and the Texture of Reality by Brian Greene.

[5] Time Reborn: From the Crisis in Physics to the Future of the Universe by Lee Smolin.

[6] Why Time Flies: A Mostly Scientific Investigation by Alan Burdick.

[7] A Brief History of Time by Stephen Hawking.

[8] The Order of Time by Julian Barbour. 

[9] Time: A Traveler's Guide by Clifford A. Pickover.

[10] A Theory of Time and Space by Alfred A. Robb. 

[11] Thakur, Soumendra Nath; Samal, Priyanka; Bhattacharjee, Deep (2023). Relativistic effects on phaseshift in frequencies invalidate time dilation II. TechRxiv. Preprint. https://doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.22492066.v2

29 October 2023

Journey through Time: From Hominin Evolution to the Nature of Time Perception:

29-10-2023

Introduction:

The concept of time has intrigued humanity for millennia. From the emergence of our earliest ancestors to the profound revelations in modern physics, this chapter delves into the rich tapestry of human experience with time. Spanning across millions of years, this exploration is a testament to our evolving understanding of time's essence.

Hominin Evolution (6 million years ago to Holocene):

Our journey through time begins with the emergence of hominins around 6 million years ago. These early human ancestors marked the dawn of a new era, paving the way for the evolution of the Miocene, Pliocene, Pleistocene, and Holocene epochs. The Anthropocene, a term proposed to describe the current geological era, looms on the horizon.

Earliest Homo Fossils (2.8 million years ago):

The chapter transitions to a fascinating archaeological discovery—the earliest Homo fossils dated to approximately 2.8 million years ago, represented by the specimen LD 350-1 from Ethiopia. These remains offer a glimpse into our ancient past and the origins of the Homo lineage.

Homo habilis and Homo rudolfensis (2.3 million years ago):

A new chapter unfolds as Homo habilis and Homo rudolfensis, our earliest named species, make their entrance around 2.3 million years ago. These hominins represent crucial milestones in the story of human evolution.

Emergence of Human Cognition (1.8 million years ago):

The narrative then turns to a profound transformation in human history— the emergence of human-like cognition. As early as 1.8 million years ago, our ancestors began to exhibit remarkable cognitive abilities, setting the stage for the development of complex societies.

Primitive Homo sapiens (300,000 years ago):

Fast forward to 300,000 years ago, and we encounter the emergence of primitive Homo sapiens. These archaic humans laid the foundation for further developments in our evolutionary journey.

Anatomically Modern Homo sapiens (200,000 years ago):

Around 200,000 years ago, anatomically modern Homo sapiens appeared on the scene. These humans closely resemble modern humans in terms of physical characteristics, marking a significant leap in our evolutionary path.

Modern Homo sapiens (100,000 years ago):

With a timeline now reaching 100,000 years ago, we witness the appearance of modern Homo sapiens. These humans closely resemble us and began to shape the world in more recognizable ways.

Symbolic Behavior in Homo sapiens (100,000 years ago):

Around the same period, we discover rare evidence of symbolic behavior in Homo sapiens. These symbolic expressions provide a unique window into the cognitive and creative capacities of our ancient ancestors.

Ancient Observations of Time:

To comprehend the human experience with time, we turn our attention to ancient practices related to timekeeping and philosophical perspectives.

Ancient Clocks and Time Measurement (1500 BC):

Our journey through time takes a detour to ancient Egypt around 1500 BC, where the earliest known clocks, such as sundials and water clocks, first made their appearance. These rudimentary devices represent humanity's early efforts to measure and understand time.

Ancient Greek (1200 BCE to 323 BCE) Views on Time:

Ancient Greek thinkers recognized the duality of time, distinguishing between chronological time (chronos) and subjective time (kairos). The profound insights of these philosophers laid the groundwork for subsequent discussions on time perception.

Aristotle's Definition of Time (384 BC—322 BC):

The philosophy of time as explored by Aristotle, one of history's most influential thinkers, provides an important lens through which we can understand humanity's early conceptions of time.

Evolution of Timekeeping:

As civilization progressed, so did our methods for measuring and understanding time. This section explores the milestones in timekeeping. 

First Mechanical Clocks (13th Century):

During the 13th century, tower clocks began to emerge in Europe, marking the birth of mechanical timekeeping devices that would later shape modern clocks and watches.

Invention of Pendulum Clock (1656):

In 1656, Christiaan Huygens, a Dutch polymath, designed and built the world's first pendulum clock. This invention revolutionized timekeeping, providing unprecedented accuracy.

Various Definitions of Time (1775 to 1825):

Between 1775 and 1825, various philosophers and scientists engaged in thought-provoking debates about the nature and definition of time, from a scientific and philosophical perspective.

Electric Clocks and Quartz Clocks (1840):

The 19th century brought significant innovations in timekeeping, with the development of electric and quartz clocks, which paved the way for highly accurate and reliable timepieces.

Time Standards (1901):

In 1901, the Engineering Standards Committee was established in London, a pivotal moment in the history of time standards that would synchronize time across the globe.

Einstein's Relativity and Modern Timekeeping:

Albert Einstein's groundbreaking theories introduced entirely new dimensions to our understanding of time.

Time in Special and General Relativity (Einstein's Theories) (1905-1916):

Einstein's revolutionary theories of special and general relativity upended our conventional understanding of time, introducing concepts like time dilation and the relativity of simultaneity.

Scientific Definition of Time (1908):

The scientific community grappled with defining time in the context of four-dimensional spacetime, as proposed in 1908, further expanding our comprehension of the universe.

Modern Timekeeping and Cutting-Edge Research:

The narrative continues to the contemporary era, exploring the latest advancements in timekeeping and challenges to established notions.

Replacement of Pendulum Clocks:

In the 1930s and 1940s, domestic pendulum clocks were replaced by synchronous electric clocks, marking a shift toward greater accuracy in timekeeping.

Atomic Clocks (1949):

The introduction of atomic clocks in laboratory settings, notably the use of the ammonia molecule in 1949, revolutionized precision time measurement.

Time Standard SI Base Units (1960):

The establishment of the second as an SI base unit, measured using the cesium frequency, enhanced the uniformity and precision of time standards worldwide.

Relativistic Effects on Time Dilation (2023):

The chapter concludes with a contemporary perspective, challenging the conventional understanding of time dilation by suggesting that it is a form of wavelength dilation driven by relativistic effects, rather than a mere shift in time.

Human Psychology in Time Perception:

Our exploration of time culminates with an examination of time perception, a fundamental aspect of human awareness influenced by sensory processing, brain function, and chemical factors like dopamine.

Conclusion:

The journey through time weaves together the threads of human evolution, ancient timekeeping, philosophical musings, groundbreaking scientific discoveries, and modern challenges to our understanding of time. It is a testament to humanity's relentless pursuit of knowledge and understanding, constantly pushing the boundaries of our comprehension of time and the universe itself.

28 October 2023

Dynamic Electron Orbits vs. Electron Wavelength: A Comparative Analysis:

Abstract:

This article provides a comparative analysis of two research papers, "Dynamic Electron Orbits in Atomic Hydrogen" by Gurcharn S. Sandhu and "Electron Wavelength and Hydrogen Atom Structure" by Soumendra Nath Thakur. Both papers explore the behavior of electrons in hydrogen atoms, but they approach the topic from different angles and emphasize distinct aspects of electron behavior. This analysis highlights their similarities, differences, and how they can complement each other to offer a more comprehensive understanding of this fundamental atomic phenomenon.

Introduction:

The two research papers, "Dynamic Electron Orbits in Atomic Hydrogen" by Gurcharn S. Sandhu and "Electron Wavelength and Hydrogen Atom Structure" by Soumendra Nath Thakur, share a common focus on the behavior of electrons in hydrogen atoms. However, they each adopt unique perspectives and research methodologies. In this comparative analysis, we aim to explore the commonalities and differences between these papers.

Dynamic Electron Orbits in Atomic Hydrogen by Gurcharn S. Sandhu:

Gurcharn S. Sandhu's research paper, "Dynamic Electron Orbits in Atomic Hydrogen," provides a detailed analysis of the motion of electrons in atomic hydrogen. It places a significant emphasis on the principles of conservation of energy and momentum. Sandhu introduces novel concepts and ideas to gain a better understanding of electron behavior within hydrogen atoms.

Key Points:

Introduction: Sandhu's paper opens by highlighting the need for a new model to comprehend the dynamic motion of electrons in hydrogen atoms, emphasizing the use of fundamental principles like conservation of energy and momentum.

Structure of the Electron: The paper introduces the concept of the electron's structure and focuses on the Coulomb interaction and potential energy between electrons and protons.

Quantization Rules: Sandhu suggests that the emission of a photon from an orbiting electron results in a change of angular momentum by ħ, identified as the origin of various quantization rules.

Electron Trajectories: The research outlines electron trajectories in the form of elliptical orbits, plotting their transitions. It calculates and presents various parameters of these orbits, including linear and angular velocities, kinetic energy, radial distance, orbital angle, and orbital time.

Magnetic Interaction Energies: The paper explores the magnetic interaction energies associated with electron angular momentum, spin angular momentum of the proton and electron, and how these energies contribute to the fine structure splitting of hydrogen spectrum lines.

Hydrogen Molecular Bond: Sandhu extends the concept of electron orbits to explain the configuration of a hydrogen molecular bond. It computes the bond's binding energy and bond length, finding that the hydrogen molecular bond is stable with a dissociation energy of about 2.8 eV.

Photon Emission During Bond Formation: The paper suggests that during the formation of a hydrogen molecular bond, one of the orbiting electrons might absorb the initial kinetic energy of the colliding atoms by transitioning to a higher electronic state and subsequently emitting a photon. This photon emission is associated with the formation of the hydrogen molecular bond.

Summary and Conclusion: Sandhu's paper summarizes its findings and the new concepts introduced to understand the motion of electrons in hydrogen atoms and molecular bonds.

Electron Wavelength and Hydrogen Atom Structure by Soumendra Nath Thakur:

Soumendra Nath Thakur's research paper, "Electron Wavelength and Hydrogen Atom Structure," primarily explores the De Broglie wavelength of electrons and its proximity to the sizes of the atomic nucleus and proton in atomic hydrogen. Thakur places a strong emphasis on the influence of energy changes on electron behavior and orbital dynamics.

Key Points:

Introduction: Thakur's paper introduces the fascinating concept of the De Broglie wavelength and its relationship with the atomic nucleus and proton sizes in hydrogen. It also highlights the role of energy changes in electron behavior.

Defining Component Sizes: The paper quantifies the sizes of the atomic nucleus, proton, and the De Broglie wavelength of electrons to establish a foundation for its calculations.

Size Difference Calculations: Thakur calculates the differences between the De Broglie wavelength and the sizes of atomic components, emphasizing that the De Broglie wavelength is greater than these sizes.

Implications of Size Differences: The paper discusses how the De Broglie wavelength's size in comparison to the atomic components implies a core limitation on the electron's approach to the nucleus, thus influencing electron behavior.

Energy-Related Changes: Thakur investigates the impact of changes in electron energy on the De Broglie wavelength and, consequently, electron orbital changes.

Discussion: Thakur delves into the core limitation in atomic hydrogen and the energy-dependent behavior of electrons. He discusses how energy loss or gain results in changes in electron orbits and positions.

Conclusion: Thakur concludes by summarizing the implications of his findings, emphasizing the core limitation, energy-driven orbital changes, and the significance of energy dynamics in atomic hydrogen.

Similarities:

Focus on Electron Behavior: Both papers aim to enhance the understanding of electron behavior in hydrogen atoms, providing a comprehensive view of electron dynamics.

Utilization of Quantum Concepts: Both papers draw upon quantum physics principles, including the wave-particle duality of electrons and the De Broglie wavelength, to explain electron behavior and its implications for atomic structure.

Quantitative Analysis: Both papers involve mathematical calculations to quantify aspects of electron behavior and its relation to the size of atomic components.

Implications for Atomic Structure: Both papers discuss the broader implications of their findings for atomic structure and the understanding of atomic physics.

Mathematical Presentation: Thakur's paper offers a dedicated section for mathematical presentations, providing quantitative details of size differences and implications for electron behavior.

Differences:

Specific Focus: Sandhu's paper focuses on electron orbits, magnetic interactions, and hydrogen molecular bonds, whereas Thakur's paper primarily explores the De Broglie wavelength and its proximity to atomic components and energy-related orbital dynamics.

Authorship: The papers are written by different authors, reflecting their individual research interests and perspectives.

Titles: The titles of the papers reflect their distinct research foci and content.

Citations: The papers cite different sources and references, as they align with their specific research topics.

Research Areas: While both papers fall within the domain of quantum physics, they address slightly different aspects. Sandhu's paper focuses on electron orbits and magnetic interactions, while Thakur's paper concentrates on the De Broglie wavelength and its connection to the sizes of atomic components.

Discussion:

The two research papers by Sandhu and Thakur offer unique insights into the behavior of electrons in hydrogen atoms, each from its own perspective. They are complementary in that they address distinct aspects of electron behavior, thereby providing a more comprehensive understanding of this intricate phenomenon.

Sandhu's research primarily focuses on the dynamic motion of electrons in hydrogen atoms. It introduces novel concepts related to electron structure, quantization rules, and the fine structure splitting of hydrogen spectrum lines. The paper also explores magnetic interactions and extends its analysis to explain hydrogen molecular bonds. Sandhu's work provides valuable insights into the principles that govern electron behavior within atomic and molecular structures.

On the other hand, Thakur's research emphasizes the De Broglie wavelength of electrons and its relationship to the sizes of atomic components in hydrogen. Thakur provides quantitative calculations to highlight the core limitation in atomic hydrogen and how changes in electron energy affect electron orbits. The paper deepens our understanding of the De Broglie wavelength's role in electron behavior and its implications for atomic structure.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, the research papers by Gurcharn S. Sandhu and Soumendra Nath Thakur, although distinct in their research focuses, offer valuable contributions to the understanding of electron behavior in atomic hydrogen. Sandhu's paper extends our insights into the dynamic motion of electrons and their interactions, while Thakur's paper sheds light on the De Broglie wavelength and energy-dependent orbital changes.

These papers do not conflict but rather complement each other by providing a more holistic perspective on the complex behavior of electrons in hydrogen atoms. Their use of quantum concepts, mathematical presentations, and implications for atomic structure enrich our comprehension of this fundamental atomic phenomenon. The diverse approaches employed by the two researchers offer a broader and deeper understanding of the behavior of electrons in hydrogen atoms, contributing to the ever-evolving field of quantum physics.

Referenses:

[1] Sandhu, G. S. (2023, October 26). Dynamic Electron Orbits in Atomic Hydrogen. ResearchGate. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/375004891

[2] Thakur, S. N. (2023, October 27). Electron Wavelength and Hydrogen Atom Structure. ResearchGate. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/375026060

Human Brain, Mind, and Consciousness: Image:

 


27 October 2023

Electron Wavelength and Hydrogen Atom Structure:

Soumendra Nath Thakur

27-10-2023

DOI:10.13140/RG.2.2.35955.91685

Abstract: 

This research explores the intricate relationship between the de Broglie wavelength of an electron and the fundamental components of atomic hydrogen, namely the nucleus and proton. We delve into the implications of this relationship for the understanding of atomic structure. With the nucleus and proton both measuring approximately 1 femtometer (1 fm), and the de Broglie wavelength of an electron at roughly 0.1 nanometers (0.1 nm), we examine the minute differences between these sizes.

Our findings reveal that the de Broglie wavelength of an electron is just shy of the size of the nucleus and proton in atomic hydrogen, signifying that the electron's core cannot approach the nucleus. Furthermore, we discuss the effect of electron energy changes on its de Broglie wavelength and the resulting alterations in electron orbits. This research sheds light on the wave-particle duality of electrons and its impact on atomic structure, providing valuable insights into the behavior of electrons in the microscopic world.

Soumendra Nath Thakur

Tagore’s Electronic Lab, India

ORCID iD: 0000-0003-1871-7803

Keywords: De Broglie wavelength, Atomic hydrogen, Nucleus size, Electron behavior, Energy dependent orbits,

1. Introduction:

The world of quantum physics is a realm of fascinating and often perplexing phenomena. One of the central principles that underlie the behavior of particles on this microscopic scale is the wave-particle duality, as first introduced by Louis de Broglie. According to this concept, particles, such as electrons, exhibit both particle-like and wave-like characteristics. A fundamental parameter that helps us grasp this wave-like aspect of particles is the de Broglie wavelength.

In this research, we delve into the intriguing relationship between the de Broglie wavelength of an electron and the components of atomic hydrogen, particularly the nucleus and proton. The nucleus and proton, both with a size on the order of 1 femtometer (1 fm), are the building blocks of atomic hydrogen, while the de Broglie wavelength of an electron is approximately 0.1 nanometers (0.1 nm). These minuscule measurements lead us to investigate the fine differences between these sizes and their implications.

Our exploration seeks to unravel the significance of these size differentials and their impact on the structure of an atom. The outcome of this research unveils an intriguing revelation: the de Broglie wavelength of an electron hovers very close to the size of the atomic nucleus and proton in hydrogen. This proximity suggests that the electron's core cannot draw near to the nucleus, raising questions about the dynamics of electrons within atoms.

Additionally, we examine the connection between changes in electron energy, expressed as hf (where h is the Planck constant and f is the frequency), and the alterations in the de Broglie wavelength of the electron. These energy-related transformations play a vital role in influencing the electron's orbits, adding another layer of complexity to the study of atomic structure.

This research takes us on a journey into the subtle intricacies of quantum mechanics, offering valuable insights into the behavior of electrons in the microscopic world. It illustrates how wave-particle duality is a fundamental concept that governs the behavior of particles like electrons and emphasizes the relevance of size differentials within the subatomic realm. Through these explorations, we aim to contribute to a deeper understanding of atomic physics and its profound implications for the world of quantum science.

2. Method:

Defining the Components:

Begin by defining the fundamental components involved in the research: the atomic nucleus, the proton, and the electron.

Establish their respective sizes, with a particular focus on the nucleus and proton, both at approximately 1 femtometer (1 fm).

Introducing the De Broglie Wavelength:

Present the concept of the de Broglie wavelength and its significance in quantum mechanics. Highlight that the de Broglie wavelength of an electron is approximately 0.1 nanometers (0.1 nm).

Calculating Size Differences:

Calculate the numerical difference between the size of the de Broglie wavelength of an electron and the size of the atomic nucleus and proton. Express the calculations in nanometers for clarity and relevance.

Analyzing Implications:

Explore the implications of these size differentials in the context of atomic hydrogen's structure. Consider the restrictions placed on the electron's core in relation to the nucleus.

Energy-Related Investigations:

Investigate the role of changes in electron energy, represented as hf, where h is the Planck constant and f is the frequency. Discuss how variations in energy impact the de Broglie wavelength of the electron and its resulting orbital changes.

Theoretical Framework:

Employ relevant theoretical frameworks in quantum mechanics to interpret the findings. Connect the size differentials and energy variations to established quantum principles.

Data Visualization:

Utilize diagrams, charts, or illustrations to visually represent the size differences between the components. Present any relevant mathematical equations or formulae used in the calculations.

Discussion and Conclusion:

Summarize the research findings and their significance in understanding atomic structure. Offer insights into the implications of the de Broglie wavelength's proximity to the nucleus size. Discuss how energy-related changes influence electron behavior and orbital dynamics.

3. Mathematical Presentation:

In this section, we will delve into the mathematical aspects of the research to provide a quantitative understanding of the size differentials between the components of atomic hydrogen and the implications for electron behavior. By utilizing these mathematical expressions and calculations, the research elucidates the size disparities between fundamental atomic components and how these differences influence electron behavior and energy-related orbital dynamics in atomic hydrogen.

3.1. Defining Component Sizes:

 Atomic Nucleus Size (R_nucleus) = 1 femtometer (1 fm)

Proton Size (R_proton) = 1 femtometer (1 fm)

De Broglie Wavelength of Electron (λ_electron) ≈ 0.1 nanometers (0.1 nm)

3.2. Size Difference Calculations:

Difference between Electron Wavelength and Nucleus/Proton Sizes:

Δλ = λ_electron - R_nucleus = 0.1 nm - 1 fm = 0.1 nm - 0.000001 nm = 0.099999 nm

Difference between Electron Wavelength and Hydrogen Atom Size (R_atom):

 Î”λ = λ_electron - R_atom = 0.1 nm - 0.1 nm = 0 nm (or very close to 0 nm)

3.3. Implications of Size Differences:

The size of the De Broglie wavelength of an electron (0.099999 nm) is greater than the size of the atomic nucleus or proton in atomic hydrogen (1 fm or 0.000001 nm).

This indicates that the electron's core cannot reach or approach the nucleus or proton in an atom, suggesting a fundamental spatial limitation in atomic hydrogen.

4.3. Energy-Related Changes:

Changes in electron energy (E) are associated with changes in frequency (f), given by Planck's relation: E = hf.

As energy (hf) increases, the de Broglie wavelength of the electron (λ_electron) decreases, reaching down to approximately 0.1 nm.

These changes in energy are directly connected to alterations in electron orbits and behavior, corresponding to energy loss or gain by the electron.

4. Discussion:

The research presented here explores the intriguing size differentials and their implications for electron behavior within atomic hydrogen. We have observed significant insights into the spatial relationships between key atomic components and how they correlate with the behavior of electrons. The discussion delves into the profound implications of these findings.

4.1. Core Limitation in Atomic Hydrogen:

The research reveals that the De Broglie wavelength of an electron, which is approximately 0.1 nanometers, is significantly larger than the size of the atomic nucleus or a proton in atomic hydrogen, both of which measure 1 femtometer (0.000001 nanometers). This size differential highlights a fundamental limitation – the electron's core cannot reach or closely approach the nucleus or proton within the atom.

4.2. Energy-Dependent Behavior:

It is essential to recognize that changes in electron energy (E) result in alterations in its frequency (f), as defined by Planck's equation, E = hf. Consequently, these changes in energy influence the De Broglie wavelength of the electron. As the energy (hf) increases, the electron's wavelength decreases, reaching down to approximately 0.1 nanometers.

4.3. Implications for Electron Orbits:

The De Broglie wavelength of an electron, being greater than the size of the atomic nucleus or proton, suggests that the electron's spatial distribution is diffused and wave-like. This leads to a core limitation, making it improbable for the electron to exist within the nucleus. Hence, electron orbits are determined by energy changes, which cause shifts in the De Broglie wavelength and, consequently, the electron's orbital behavior.

4.4. Energy Loss or Gain:

Energy loss or gain by the electron is closely related to orbital changes. Lower energy states correspond to longer De Broglie wavelengths, allowing electrons to occupy higher energy orbits farther from the nucleus. Conversely, higher energy states result in shorter wavelengths, leading to electrons being closer to the nucleus in lower energy orbits. This energy-dependent behavior underscores the importance of energy considerations in atomic hydrogen.

The findings in this research illustrate the intricate interplay between electron size, energy, and orbital behavior in atomic hydrogen. The De Broglie wavelength's interaction with the size of atomic components informs us about the fundamental limitations and energy-driven dynamics that govern the behavior of electrons in the microscopic world of quantum physics. These insights provide a more comprehensive understanding of atomic structure and electron behavior in hydrogen and offer valuable implications for broader applications in quantum mechanics and atomic physics.

5. Conclusion:

This research delves into the intriguing relationship between the De Broglie wavelength of electrons and the size of atomic components within atomic hydrogen. We have explored how the size differentials between electrons, the atomic nucleus, and protons affect the behavior of electrons in atomic hydrogen and how changes in energy play a crucial role in determining electron orbits. The key findings and their implications can be summarized as follows:

5.1. Core Limitation and Electron Behavior:

The De Broglie wavelength of an electron is approximately 0.1 nanometers, significantly larger than the size of the atomic nucleus or a proton, both measuring 1 femtometer. This difference indicates a fundamental core limitation – electrons cannot approach or exist within the nucleus. As a result, electron behavior in atomic hydrogen is inherently wave-like and diffuse.

5.2. Energy-Dependent Orbit Changes:

Changes in electron energy directly influence the De Broglie wavelength, and thus, the electron's orbital behavior. Higher energy states lead to shorter wavelengths, causing electrons to occupy lower energy orbits closer to the nucleus, while lower energy states correspond to longer wavelengths and electrons residing in higher energy orbits farther from the nucleus.

5.3. Energy Dynamics in Atomic Hydrogen:

The research highlights the significance of energy considerations in understanding electron orbits and behavior within atomic hydrogen. Energy loss or gain directly impacts the De Broglie wavelength, which, in turn, governs electron positions and orbits within the atom.

This research provides valuable insights into the fundamental limitations of electron behavior within atomic hydrogen and the pivotal role that energy plays in determining electron orbits. The De Broglie wavelength's interplay with atomic sizes offers a profound understanding of the complex dynamics at the atomic scale. These findings not only contribute to our knowledge of atomic hydrogen but also have broader applications in quantum mechanics and atomic physics. They underscore the intricate relationship between size, energy, and electron behavior in the microscopic realm of quantum physics, further enriching our comprehension of atomic structures and the behavior of electrons.

 6. References:

[1] Principles of Quantum Mechanics by R. Shankar:

[2] Introduction to Quantum Mechanics" by David J. Griffiths:

[3] Modern Physics" by Kenneth S. Krane:

[4] Atomic Physics" by Christopher J. Foot:

[5] Thakur, S. N. (2023, August 24). Relativistic effects and photon-mirror interaction -energy absorption and time delay. ResearchGate. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.20928.71683

[6] Thakur, S. N., Bhattacharjee, D., & Frederick, O. (2023, September 22). Photon Interactions in Gravity and Antigravity: Conservation, Dark Energy, and Redshift Effects. ResearchGate. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.31280.94720